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	<title>Indranet &#187; McLuhan</title>
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	<description>Technology, psychology, sexuality, society, spirituality</description>
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  <title>Indranet</title>
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		<title>Reading Aloud</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/reading-aloud/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/reading-aloud/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 17:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technosoul]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reading]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[social media]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=511</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[“The printed or mass-produced book discouraged reading aloud, and reading aloud had been the practice of many centuries. Swift, silent scanning is a very different experience from manuscript perusal, with its acoustic invitation to savor words and phrases in many-leveled resonance. Silent reading has had many consequences for readers and writers alike, and it is [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>“The printed or mass-produced book discouraged reading aloud, and reading aloud had been the practice of many centuries. Swift, silent scanning is a very different experience from manuscript perusal, with its acoustic invitation to savor words and phrases in many-leveled resonance. Silent reading has had many consequences for readers and writers alike, and it is a phase of print technology which may be disappearing” (Marshall McLuhan in a 1972 interview, from <em>Understanding Me,</em> MIT Press, 2005).</p>
<p>If nowadays we see somebody reading aloud, we may think that he is not fully literate. But we are not surprised to see people talking aloud on their mobile phones on the streets.</p>
<p>The advent of silent reading, according to McLuhan, had consequences both for privacy and for developing an individual point of view. Through Internet technology, we are back reading louder and louder. When we share our readings on social media, we read as loud as to the whole world, but what is weakening is the connection of words to our inner selves. It seems that, to hear our voices, we have to hear it in the echo of other people’s feedback through social media.</p>
<p>We no longer feel an inner resonance of what we read but need it to be bounced back to us by the infinite reverberations of the Net.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>The Situationists Still Enlighten Us</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/the-situationists-still-enlighten-us/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/the-situationists-still-enlighten-us/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Mar 2011 17:51:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[debord]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[revolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[situationists]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[technology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=497</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[“All that once was directly lived has become representation. . . . The real consumer has become a consumer of illusions” (Guy Debord, 1967). The Situationists, an international revolutionary group of the ’50s critical of capitalist culture, spoke of “The Society of the Spectacle” – which alienated people through a mediated and commoditized social envinroment. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>“All that once was directly lived has become representation. . . . The real consumer has become a consumer of illusions” (Guy Debord, 1967).</p></blockquote>
<p>The Situationists, an international revolutionary group of the ’50s critical of capitalist culture, spoke of “The Society of the Spectacle” – which alienated people through a mediated and commoditized social envinroment.</p>
<p>Media and products, in the Situationists’ view, dull the audience and control desire. Half a century later,  we have newly created media with greatly expanded scope –which reinforce the Situationists’ principles. In the new digital millennium it seems that desires are not controlled, yet are accepted as long as there is a market product associated with it, channeled through and stimulated by the media.</p>
<p>Situationists perceived that in capitalism, emotions become transmuted into market products – and we have to pay up to redeem our emotions. The market, as they saw it, first takes away our real needs for connection and authenticity, then offers a pale reflection of the real – making us always thirsty for a real which will never come.</p>
<p>The need for connection today is expressed through social networks which appear free and democratic. Yes, many Internet services are free of charge, but if we calculate hardware, software, the Internet connection – plus our time and attention – the cost must be reconsidered.</p>
<p>Moreover, the Situationists observed that people in our society are programmed to live a life that is merely a representation of a real life. Through technology needs have been created in order to sell solutions. And the hi-tech market doesn’t even require much in the way of commodities any more, since it is represented digitally – making Debord’s words about becoming consumers of illusions blatant.</p>
<blockquote><p>“Once we have surrendered our senses and nervous systems to the private manipulation of those who would try to benefit from taking a lease on our eyes and ears and nerves, we don’t really have any rights left” (McLuhan, <em>Understanding Media</em>, 1964).</p></blockquote>
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		<title>The Digitally Divided Self</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/the-digitally-divided-self/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/the-digitally-divided-self/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 18:21:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Gender]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mind]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[almaas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[buddhism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Buddismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ciberspazio]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyberspace]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eckhart Tolle]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Freud]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laurel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lowen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nityananda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[osho]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Postman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ramakrishna]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[realtà virtuale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[virtual reality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Weizenbaum]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=344</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There’s an unusual but apparent alliance between two philosophies which are barely aware of and rarely come into contact each other, which conjure against the physical reality and the body. The first “philosophy” is represented by what have variously been called Cyberspace, Technopoly, Cyburbia and other names. I prefer to define it as “The Digitalization [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There’s an unusual but apparent alliance between two philosophies which are barely aware of and rarely come into contact each other, which conjure against the physical reality and the body. The first “philosophy” is represented by what have variously been called Cyberspace, Technopoly, Cyburbia and other names.</p>
<p>I prefer to define it as “The Digitalization of Reality,” wherein more and more human activities are being translated into bytes. Work, communication, media, entertainment, friends, dating, sexuality, culture, shopping, politics and causes are among the growing number of human needs that have gone digital.</p>
<p>While the Internet was something which earlier we mostly visited, now we are inhabiting the virtual worlds full-time and engineer them according to our mental projections. The Cartesian dream of a mind without a body has almost been fulfilled (even though in his old age Descartes, in <em>Passions of the Soul</em>, affirmed that “the soul is jointly united to all the parts of the body”).</p>
<p>This separation has a long history of Western thought starting from the Judeo-Christian separation between body and soul up to people like the transhumanist Hans Moravec, the artificial intelligence researcher Marvin Minsky, or the singularity guru Raymond Kurzweil who want to download the biological human mind to a safer mechanical medium in order to achieve nothing less than immortality.</p>
<p><span id="more-344"></span></p>
<p>Technology itself is less and less “embodied” and physical. Technology is going toward Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and various wireless ways of communicating and even wire-free charging for devices. We have made even hi-tech tools withdraw physically from each other.</p>
<p>Weizenbaum, more than 30 years ago in <em>Computer Power and Human Reason</em>, described a typical computer programmer thus:</p>
<blockquote><p>Bright young men of disheveled appearance, often with sunken glowing eyes, can be seen sitting at computer consoles, their arms tensed and waiting to fire their fingers, already poised to strike, at the buttons and keys on which their attention seems to be as riveted as a gambler’s on the rolling dice&#8230;Their food&#8230;coffee, Cokes, sandwiches. If possible, they sleep on cots near the computer&#8230;Their rumpled clothes, their unwashed and unshaven faces, and their uncombed hair all testify that they are oblivious to their bodies and to the world in which they move.</p></blockquote>
<p>Brenda Laurel, designer of human computer interaction, notices differences in gender:</p>
<blockquote><p>We have a class of people we call nerds who are radically uncomfortable with their bodies and their sexuality&#8230;When men talk about virtual reality, they often use phrases like “out-of-body experience” and “leaving the body.” These guys are not talking about out-of-body experiences in the way that some Eastern mystic or Peruvian Indian would. They are talking about it in the sense that if you slap a screen over your eyes you won’t have to see air pollution&#8230;When women talk about VR they speak of taking the body with them into another world. The idea is to take these wonderful sense organs with us, not to leave our bodies humped over a keyboard while our brain zips off down some network (Susie Bright, <em>Sexual Reality</em>, San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1992).</p></blockquote>
<p>What was an attitude confined to technicians and nerds became “mainstream,” where most people are in front of a computer, TV or mobile screen for most of their waking lives, distancing themselves from a felt connection with their bodies, living in a purely mental world. Alexander Lowen, in <em>Joy</em>, wrote that in the more than 50 years since he began studying the human condition, he has seen a general deterioration in the bodies of the people who come to him; the bodies are less energized, less integrated and less attractive than those of the patients he used to see earlier. He writes that the old-fashioned hysterical patient that Freud wrote about is almost never seen. While the hysterical person couldn’t handle his feelings, the schizoid individual nowadays – dissociated from his body and living predominantly in his mind – just hasn’t many.</p>
<p>If technology is conducive toward the disappearance of physical reality, there’s a second philosophy which seems allied to the same goal. Several mystical traditions and spiritual teachers of the past and present consider physical reality as a dream – <em>maya </em>– as something to overcome in order to expand our awareness and connect with our deeper soul and with the ultimate. Physical reality is then something to be abandoned while advancing on our path toward spiritual enlightenment.</p>
<p>Shri Ramakrishna, in L’<em>Enseignement de Ramakrishna</em>, said that when a man becomes crazy for God, he becomes unconscious even of his body. Taking Chaitanya Deva as an example, Ramakrishna said that he “many times fell on the ground. He didn’t have any more hunger, or thirst, or even become sleepy. He completely lost the consciousness of his body”.</p>
<p>In Ramakrishna’s description of God’s crazy state we can see some similarities with Weizenbaum’s programmers. Apparently. Mystics abandon the body/mind in order to reach what is beyond the mind, while our society has relegated the body to a marginal role in order to give the mind the superior and controlling role.</p>
<p>Technologically-oriented people and mystics have another common point in saying that the world is unreal, an illusionary state. The former involve neurophysiology and psychology, while mystics talk about their first-hand experience in having reached a state where a broader awareness comes to the forefront, not depending on our body/mind filters any more.</p>
<p>But while virtual reality disconnects us from our bodies to give priority to the mind (considered the ultimate attainment of human beings), the spiritual paths toward awareness need to know, feel and live in the body as a source and object of knowledge before going beyond mind and body. In the spiritual path the body is seen as a whole body/mind entity, observed by a broader awareness. In that journey, both body and mind might be lost for a while, to be retrieved later. David Cooper in <em>The Grammar of Living</em> wrote: “We have to lose our heads to enter our bodies. There is a time for minds, a time to leave our minds and a time to recover them.”</p>
<p>The body in the spiritual path is a fragile bridge toward the ultimate which has to be crossed with respect and care, sensing and feeling it without rushing to overcome it, otherwise we risk falling into the waters, losing our minds prematurely as well. Some religions discouraged or prohibited a close meeting with our bodies, particularly in the monotheistic traditions such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Being far from the sinful body was supposed to bring us closer to the divine incorporeal entity. But mystics – even the ones who came from those traditions – could not escape experiencing the body in its fullness.</p>
<p>The body can’t be ignored in our will to expand our awareness. Almaas (the pen name of Hameed Ali) expressed the connection with the body in the spiritual search for the truth in these terms:</p>
<blockquote><p>As we get more present in our bodies, in our bellies, we can get closer to our essence which is truth, which is what makes us know what is true, what is false, not from logical deduction, or from the unconscious. You just know. You are close to that subtle sense which is truth. (A.H. Almaas. <em>Elements of the Real in Man </em>(Diamond Heart Book One). Diamond Books. Berkeley. 1987)</p></blockquote>
<p>Eckhart Tolle expressed it in similar terms:</p>
<blockquote><p>The most powerful anchor for staying present is to inhabit the body. That means to have some of your attention in the inner energy field of the body – to sense, to feel the animating presence that gives life to the body, which ultimately is consciousness itself. The physical body is a temporary expression of that consciousness, but the essence of it is the consciousness itself. So to connect with the physical body, and even as you perceive the world and interact with the world, to have some attention in the inner energy field and to feel the aliveness that is there in every cell and every organ as a single feeling. You are then rooted in your body, which becomes the anchor for staying present and for staying out of the mental noise (from Lynn Marie Lumiere and John Lumiere-Wins, T<em>he Awakening West</em>, Oakland: Clear Visions Publications, 2000).</p></blockquote>
<p>Feeling our presence and connection with our bodies works as well as the needed grounding for keeping our minds healthy in a technology-saturated disembodied schizoid condition. “The person who does not act in reality and only acts in fantasy <em>becomes himself unreal</em>,” wrote Ronald Laing in 1959, based on the observations of his patients, in <em>The Divided Self</em> (London: Tavistock Publications, 1959), while Marshall McLuhan wrote that, “By continuously embracing technologies, we relate ourselves to them as servomechanisms”. Through our technological race toward the digitalization of reality, we risk abandoning our bodies and split our minds as well, without finding anything superior for our soul to join, as is conversely contemplated in the Eastern spiritual paths.</p>
<p>There’s an echo of a deeper truth in the desire of replacing reality with a virtual one: the truth that the world as we see it is not the whole story. But through virtual worlds we might bend the distorting lenses of the mind even more, creating a further layer of illusionary <em>maya</em>. Instead of liberating ourselves from the deceptive mind, we liberate the mind from the “restrictions” of the body, coming closer to fulfilling the Cartesian dream. But the mind without a felt connection with the body doesn’t have support from our embodied intelligence and becomes compulsive in chasing every small bit of information which appears in our already-scattered attention, transforming our mind in servomechanisms of technology. Is it not a case that meditation techniques reinforce our concentration ability, usually giving attention to a part of our body or to our sensations.</p>
<p>However, even without any virtual technological life, the unreal can’t be avoided. <em>Lila</em>, the divine game played by the universal consciousness, has been playing the hide-and-seek game much before the human mind created a new hi-tech version of the game. Many spiritual teachers say that we live in a dream state, looking at reality filtered by the veil of <em>maya </em>which gives the mind many layers of conditionings. Perhaps <em>lila</em> is having fun in hiding even deeper, adding another layer by encouraging the collective mind in building its own virtual representations of reality. Ultimately, lila will become tired of playing and will reveal the true nature of reality, maybe through apparently hiding even more.</p>
<p>“To consider Maya, a deeper Maya is needed,” said Swami Nityananda, while Nisargadatta Maharaj said “Let the dream unroll itself to its very end. You cannot help it. But you can look at the dream as a dream, refuse it the stamp of reality,” suggesting that one be attentive and aware of recognizing the nature of the false. Since the real timeless soul (the <em>atman</em>) can’t be simulated or manufactured, Osho said that, “By going deeper and deeper into the artificial, science helps religion, extending the limits of what can be manufactured and thereby defining what the Atman is not”. What will be left from the limits of the artifice can be no more than the real.</p>
<p>In the Buddhist tradition there’s the metaphor of our illusionary ego as a thorn we have in our skin, where the Buddhist teachings represent a second thorn, useful in extracting the first one. Then we can discard both. Even an illusion can break into the ultimate reality as the Zen story, “No Water, No Moon,” where the nun attained enlightenment when the old pail broke and there was no more water in the pail, no more moon reflected in the water and, suddenly no more mind also distorting reality.</p>
<p>So the technological way of disconnecting from reality could be like the moon reflected in the pail which, once we become aware of the unreality of it (perhaps through the supposed big electromagnetic storm forecast in the next few years, which could block every electronic equipment), can break the mind free from any other obscuration?</p>
<p>I don’t know what the plans of <em>lila </em>are – and maybe there aren’t even any – as when kids are playing, but since the nun was carrying water, not Twittering, chatting, browsing websites, trading online or updating her Facebook page, she was present in feeling her body and her mind was probably empty for most of the time, in a state more receptive to be filled by Truth. In many spiritual paths the students are suggested to make repetitive actions, as cleaning the rice as a way to strengthen our presence and attention, taming the wandering mind. Those tasks would bore us to death, while we prefer instead, paraphrasing Neil Postman, to be amused to death.</p>
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		<title>Does the Internet Really Broaden Minds?</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/does-the-internet-really-broaden-minds/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/does-the-internet-really-broaden-minds/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 17:22:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mind]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[long tail]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neil Postman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nicholas Carr]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wikipedia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=325</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ever since the Internet came into our lives it has been regarded as the medium supposed to stimulate a positive meeting between cultures and to ease the spread of information neglected by the traditional media. While it is true that everybody can set up a blog or a website with a small technical and financial [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Dali Agnostic Symbol.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full" style="float: left; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" title="Dali Agnostic Symbol.jpg" src="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Dali Agnostic Symbol.jpg" alt="" width="268" height="192" /></a>Ever since the Internet came into our lives it has been regarded as the medium supposed to stimulate a positive meeting between cultures and to ease the spread of information neglected by the traditional media. While it is true that everybody can set up a blog or a website with a small technical and financial investment and share their writings, music or videos for the whole world, it seems that the big media are even bigger on the Net and that the understanding between cultures didn’t improve much even 15 years after the mass diffusion of the Internet.</p>
<p>If we look at the academic level, the <em>Economist </em>published an article titled “<a href="http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11745514" target="_blank">Great minds think (too much) alike</a>” where research by <a href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~jevans/Jamesweb/background.html" target="_blank">James Evans</a>, a sociologist at the University of Chicago, is introduced, whose work has been published in <em>Science</em>. The conclusion of his work says that, “as more journals become available online, fewer articles are being cited in the reference lists of the research papers published within them. Moreover, those articles that do get a mention tend to have been recently published themselves. Far from growing longer, the long tail is being docked.” The long tail is a term coined by Chris Anderson in 2004 to define the niche markets which the Web can approach, where unique products take an important commercial value.</p>
<p>Evans discovered instead that the great variety of papers available on the Net, far from widening the range of quoted sources, actually gave privilege to the ones already well known and even more to the most recent ones, probably the easiest to find searching in Google.</p>
<p>On the commercial level, <em>New Scientist</em> published the article “<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026873.300-online-shopping-and-the-harry-potter-effect.html?full=true" target="_blank">Online shopping and the Harry Potter effect</a>” writing that “big sellers have never been bigger&#8230; Andrew Bud from the cellphone software company mBlox have analysed a year’s worth of downloads from a well-known internet music store. They found that of the 13 million tracks available, 52,000 – just 0.4 per cent – accounted for 80 per cent of downloads”.</p>
<p><em>New Scientist</em> explains the phenomenon as, “easy digital replication and efficient communication through cellphones, email and social networking sites encourage fast-moving, fast-changing fads. The result is a homogenisation of tastes that boosts the chances of popular things becoming blockbusters, making the already successful even more successful.”</p>
<p>This has been confirmed experimentally by Duncan Watts, a sociologist at Columbia University, New York.</p>
<blockquote><p>Together with his colleagues Matthew Salganik and Peter Dodds, he tested the effect of communication and peer approval on the musical tastes of 14,000 teenage volunteers recruited online (<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5762/854" target="_blank">Science</a>, vol. 311, p. 854;). A set of 48 songs was made available to all the volunteers, who could download whichever songs they wanted. The researchers split the volunteers into eight groups; in some, group members could see what their peers were downloading, but in others they had no such knowledge. In the socially connected groups, the winner took all: popular songs became more popular, unpopular songs more unpopular. This effect was much less pronounced in the socially isolated groups.</p></blockquote>
<p>Watts thinks that information overload makes us more dependent on other people’s opinions to find out what we like. Then <em>New Scientist</em> asks, “why, when we have so much information at our fingertips, are we so concerned with what our peers like? Don’t we trust our own judgement?”</p>
<p>In another <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16349-psychologist-finds-wikipedians-grumpy-and-closedminded.html" target="_blank">article</a>, a psychologist finds Wikipedians grumpy and close-minded. In a psychological test, Wikipedians, as expected, “were more comfortable online than in the real world” but they, surprisingly, scored low even on agreeableness and openness.</p>
<p>During an Italian conference dedicated to music on the Net, one boy asked the speaker, “We can download the complete discography of any artist, but the problem is: What do we like?” An interesting question, which gives the real point of the matter.</p>
<p>Choices are connected with our personality; choices are bridges between our inner view and an external event. We can make the right choices for ourselves only when we can listen to ourselves deep enough to access the essence of our personality and join it to the outer life. But in order to do that we need both a solid personality which we are aware of and, some quiet and empty time to look into ourselves instead of following just external inputs. Both states are quite hard to access in online life.</p>
<p>We tend to believe that information can construct our personality and give us an individuality. We identify ourselves mostly with what we know, with our thoughts and beliefs, in another world with what fills our mind. But those aspects are as fragile and unreal as the financial derivatives market. The ideas and beliefs which fill our minds are essentially the products of our familiar and cultural conditionings, which give the ego the illusion of being “somebody” with its unique peculiarities.</p>
<p>Information, detached from experience, detached from a felt inner view and detached from an ethical background, mostly reinforces our conditionings instead of opening our minds to new areas. Neil Postman, in <em>Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology</em> (New York: Vintage Books, 1993, p. 63), wrote:</p>
<blockquote><p>Information is dangerous when it has no place to go, when there is no theory to which it applies, no pattern in which it fits, when there is no higher purpose that it serves.</p></blockquote>
<p>The mind’s main job and hobby is to separate, to discriminate, and to judge. It gives us a powerful way to read and act on reality which gave science and technology the strongest roles in our culture. Unless mind is subordinated to a broader (we could say spiritual) awareness, is non-inclusive by nature. In this view it is not surprising to know that online, we tend to stay in our territory with what is already known and accepted by our minds. Our social connections online can surely broaden minds too but mostly, as happens with other media, they promote uniformization.</p>
<p>Actually, we experience the paradox of both uniformization and the explosion of differences; Lee Siegel expressed this paradox as one “must sound more like everyone else than anyone else is able to sound like everyone else” (<em>Against the Machine</em>, New York: Spiegel &amp; Grau, 2008, p. 73).</p>
<p>The source of this apparently contradictory phenomenon is in the ego itself, which does need to be recognized and accepted by people but at the same time feel different from anyone else in order to prove its specialness. Commercially, we are presented with millions of choices to let us think we are unique but then people tend to choose what is known or anyway what is known by somebody we want to be connected with and recognized by, much as teenagers are dependent on the peer group’s opinions.</p>
<p>When we are presented with millions of commercial options and we choose one we delude ourselves in thinking we are recognizing ourselves and building a part of our individuality. The market, as the Situationists had already seen in the 1950s, first takes away our real needs of connection and authenticity, then illudes us in giving what we need, but in a pale reflection of the real, making us always thirsty for a ‘real’ which will never come.</p>
<p>The variety expressed on the Web is well developed and important and will expand even more, but it seems that the force toward variety turned back into concentration of sources of information, as Nicholar Carr said in an interview for <a href="http://www.thesunmagazine.org/issues/399/computing_the_cost" target="_blank">The Sun magazine.</a></p>
<blockquote><p>It was once believed that the Web was essentially centrifugal: that it pushed people away from big, central sources of information to millions of small, independent sources scattered throughout the network. But it turns out that centripetal forces – forces that draw us back to the big power centers – are also strong on the Web. Big sites have big advantages, and they seem to get stronger over time. The Net’s Wild West days are coming to an end. The trend now is more toward the consolidation of traffic and power than toward their diffusion.</p></blockquote>
<p>Our choices about information can come from our depth if we allow ourselves to sense our very depth. The more we swallow information the less we are able to make real choices. We can’t make real choices because we don’t listen to ourselves; and we don’t listen to ourselves because the capacity of our inner attentional muscles is never exercised and it becomes weak by attending only external inputs mostly of short bits of information with no broad view. When we can’t approach our inner self or when the very habit of looking inside becomes weakened, we can only consign our choices to the mass or perhaps just to the faster website. In this way we identity more with the contents of information poured into our minds and less with our essential qualities.</p>
<p>One of the mantras of the Internet is that there aren’t barriers of social status, religion, country, ideology. This is true of our possibility to access any kind of information on the Net, but the more we identity ourselves with our mind’s contents, the more we erect defenses against extraneous information which would shake our mind’s structures and therefore our very identity. The real broadening of the mind can happen when we don’t identify with our mind’s beliefs and ideas, but with our felt inner qualities which are being supported by the <em>observation </em>of our mind’s processes and by the acceptance of the emptiness of our mind.</p>
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		<title>Memory</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/memory/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/memory/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2009 17:18:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mind]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[memorie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[memory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[osho]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Talbott]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wired]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=304</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[en] Scientists have come close to the possibility of erasing a one-month-old guinea pig’s memories. A protein called α-CaMKII is involved in the storing and regaining of memory. In particular, researchers increased the levels of this protein at the moment when the guinea pigs remembered the pain consequent to a shock. This increase caused dissipation [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="float: left; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" src="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Dali. The Average Bureaucrat.jpg" alt="" width="188" height="234" />[en]</p>
<p><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn15025-eternal-sunshine-drug-selectively-erases-memories.html" target="_blank">Scientists </a>have come close to the possibility of erasing a one-month-old guinea pig’s memories. A protein called α-CaMKII is involved in the storing and regaining of memory.</p>
<p>In particular, researchers increased the levels of this protein at the moment when the guinea pigs remembered the pain consequent to a shock. This increase caused dissipation of the memory connected to the shock, and not just temporarily. The memory seems to be completely lost, as if the fact had never happened. Possible applications of this research are seen in overcoming memories of painful traumas.</p>
<p>Apart from the risk of engineering soldiers who can commit any brutality and forget it chemically, this approach to traumatic memories is a mechanical type without a holistic vision of human beings. The idea is still about having a war against something, as with medicine (“the war against cancer”, against microorganisms, etc.) instead of becoming aware of it.</p>
<p>Memories and traumas enter every cell of the body, and I have an impression that it will probably be possible to inhibit access to a certain memory, but it will not remove its energetic charge in the person. The extreme precision of awareness can act in a way that memories are not removed but are integrated into wider acceptance which becomes part of our experience and growth.</p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p>Gli <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn15025-eternal-sunshine-drug-selectively-erases-memories.html " target="_blank">scienziati </a>si sono avvicinati alla possibilità di cancellare nelle cavie i ricordi di un mese precedente. Una proteina di nome α-CaMKII  è coinvolta nella memorizzazione e nel recupero delle memorie.</p>
<p>In particolare, i ricercatori hanno aumentato i livelli di tale proteina nel momento in cui le cavie ricordavano il dolore conseguente ad uno shock. Questo aumento ha portato alla dissipazione della memoria legata allo shock, non solo temporaneamente. La memoria sembra persa completamente, come se il fatto non fosse mai avvenuto. Le applicazioni possibili di questa ricerca vengono viste nel superamento dei traumi dolorosi.</p>
<p>A parte il rischio di trovarsi con dei soldati che possono compiere qualsiasi efferatezza e dimenticarla chimicamente, questo approccio verso i ricordi traumatici è di nuovo di tipo meccanico/organico senza una visione d&#8217;insieme dell&#8217;essere. L&#8217;idea è ancora quella di fare la guerra a qualcosa, come avviene per la medicina (“la guerra contro il cancro”, contro i microorganismi, ecc&#8230;) invece che prenderne consapevolezza.</p>
<p>Il ricordo ed i traumi entrano in tutte le cellule del corpo e la mia impressione è che si potrà forse anche inibire l&#8217;accesso ad un certo ricordo, ma questo non toglierà la sua carica energetica nella persona.  L&#8217;estrema precisione della consapevolezza può far sì che il ricordo non venga rimosso ma che venga integrato in una accettazione più ampia che lo rende parte della nostra esperienza e crescita.</p>
<p>[/it]</p>
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<p>[en]</p>
<p>I remember in Pune (then Poona, in India) in 1994 I knew a young woman who had had a great tragedy: her 2-year-old daughter had died. I suggested she work on this event in the workshops about traumas and losses or in the form of individual sessions. She told me that she did not want to do those workshops because she did not want to lose the memory of her child which was “the only thing that I can keep of her.” I felt so sorry for her, explaining that it wasn’t about <em>forgetting</em>, but it was more like <em>entering </em>the experience with awareness and love. I do not know in which way her life proceeded, but this explains how deeply the conviction is rooted that therapy is equivalent to removing or fighting something.</p>
<p>Memory is strongly connected with attention and presence. In my opinion this is the reason why strong and traumatic memories enter in such depth. Every time we find ourselves confronted by an event which threatens our survival, it inevitably expands our “presence” and awareness. Anybody who has found himself in a dangerous situation knows how awareness can expand suddenly. According to the highly scientific principle “one pain drives out another” we should bring about as much awareness for recovering from trauma.</p>
<p>However, apart from extreme events, the capacities of presence and attention in everyday life – and consequently the memory – seem to evaporate more rapidly than snowflakes in a desert. The digital technology magazine <a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/st_thompson" target="_blank">Wired </a>has reported the study of neuroscientist Ian Robertson who has discovered that younger people were less able to remember personal general information than their parents.</p>
<p>The exponential increase of information in our lives is not parallel to an increased capacity of assimilating it deeply. We can only “be there” with our conscious attention in one thing at a time. Attention does not increase with the increase of information: attention is a static entity. Even if we can do different activities in multitasking, this only means that we move from one activity to another, and give a scarcer level of attention to each of them.</p>
<p>Our memory becomes short, as the memories of the magnetic supports in which we externalize our own memories. The perseverance of memorization supports has decreased drastically with time: a writing on a rock lasts million of years, a papyrus lasts thousands of years, a book lasts some centuries, a CD from a few years to something like 30 years (depending upon the quality), and a hard disk lasts a few years.</p>
<p>The information society emphasizes the latest novelties, without any large historical vision, without an evolution of the information, its historicity or narrative. It presents disconnected fragments of information. When we rely on technology for the retrieval of information, we empty information of the alive and felt sense. Besides, our memories are selective. Forgetting is as important as remembering. The huge memory capacities of our SMS, email and other information archives are attachments for those memories which would probably have been let go of in absence of technological supports.</p>
<p>Information technology, from TV to the Internet, took the place of deep attention capacities and therefore of the capacities to integrate memory in our psyche in an “organic” way. Being bombarded by a quantum of information which in only one week probably exceeds the quantum of a lifetime of a few generations ago, we are not able to get a unified picture any more and limit ourselves to informative fragments without a center of awareness which gives them sense.</p>
<p>In the mystic Indian tradition human beings are seen as beings composed of seven bodies: physical, emotional, etheric, mental, spiritual, cosmic, and nirvanic. These bodies are like milestones in the process of knowing oneself; they are steps where our awareness is connected during the spiritual evolution. Osho said:</p>
<blockquote><p>Language, words, thoughts, all these create a body within us. The more cultured and well-educated someone is, the bigger this mental body is. But this body is not visible to us as a body; hence we go on throwing all kinds of thoughts into the mental body without caring. A man reading his newspaper in the morning doesn’t understand that this newspaper is also creating his mental body. Walking along the street reading the posters on the walls, he cannot even conceive that these words are entering him and creating his mind. We are totally unaware how we are creating our minds, hence our life is a chaos&#8230;whatever we hear, whatever we read, whatever we think, whatever words resound within us create our mental body (<em>The Way Beyond Any Way</em>).</p></blockquote>
<p>So it seems that we have now got obese mental bodies. The explosion of information, the massive contact of different cultures and the necessary widening of our awareness brings us to not having the codes and references for the interpretation of reality any more. The structures of the mind are not able now to bring a satisfactory understanding of reality. It would be necessary to jump to a vision of reality beyond the mind, where the conceptual structures are substituted by an awareness of a wider spiritual level, by a direct understanding. But this level is certainly not easily accessible: it requires going a long way along the path of research, unknown to most people.</p>
<p>So, instead of unifying information in a wider center of awareness, being overwhelmed by a quantity of information which we can not, are not able to, and do not want to make order of, we simplify, go to the already known and regress to a thought model which does not consider shades and complexities.</p>
<p>Stephen Talbott in the newsletter <em>Netfuture </em>quoted the scientists of the Rational Psychology Association who studied changes in the brain further to being overstimulated. One researcher defined as “the new indifference” the capacity of coping with contradictory stimuli without being concerned by them. If we add to this the difficulties of giving prolonged attention to anything and the lack of an inner center which would give “sense” considering the absence of strong ethical and ideological directions in our historical stage, then it is easy to become a prey of manipulations which tend to simplify the world and its complexities, prey of fundamentalisms and ideologies which promise rapid solutions and the return to the “certainties” of the past. The ancient, reptile brain is taking hold, where fear and the survival instincts become predominant.</p>
<p>The state of spiritual enlightenment also accepts the contradictions and the chaos of the mind, but this state is beyond the mind and its schizophrenia, whereas the state of the actual contradictions of society is an involution of the mind which does not know how to interpret reality any more and lowers its level of attention and search for coherence.</p>
<p><em>The information society is a catalyst which enormously accelerates the process of the development of the mental body, which can evolve toward its transcendence or in the decline of its capacities.</em> In case of involution we get a mental torpor, an incapacity of seeing things in prospective, a short memory, limited capacity of prolonged attention, continuous interruptions by SMS, email, sites’ notifications, news… In other words, a general dumbness. The computer and Internet give us the opportunity to accelerate the mind’s processes or to regress to a state preceding the development of the mind as it happened in the highly developed alphabetization societies.</p>
<p>McLuhan affirmed that, “Any invention or technology is an extension or self-amputation of our physical bodies, and such extension also demands new ratios or new equilibriums among the other organs and extensions of the body” (Marshall McLuhan, <em>Understanding Media</em>, p. 45). For example, a car on one hand extends the possibilities of our legs, but on the other it weakens them because they are not being used as much. Whereas TV extends the vision of the world beyond our neighborhood, at the same time it isolates us from neighbors and relatives.</p>
<p>Generally, with the introduction of a new technology or a new medium we tend to glorify what is being expanded, but we do not look at the amputated part. The amputation generates a shock and a torpor which obstructs our consciousness from shock recognition. Specifically, we do not realize that we are losing our mental skills because we are in a state of shock regarding the amputation itself.</p>
<p>This state of unawareness of our condition prepares an ideal ground for the politicians who do not think it is necessary to explain the coherence of their words or actions. They can afford to openly contradict themselves because attention is given almost exclusively to the latest news, and memory fails. Coherence and the truth are not felt as values any more. Berlusconi, just to cite one of many examples, can easily affirm, “I have never said or thought of sending policemen in schools,” while there are integral transcriptions of his declarations released the day before during a press conference. If this can happen without resigning or at least with a public apology, it means that the level of addiction to the false has reached pathological levels in society. Therefore, the biochemical discoveries on the possibility of erasing memories do not seem so necessary: society itself is bringing us to a generalized amnesia.</p>
<p>Through the Industrial Revolution we have externalized the work of our bodies toward machines, and we concentrated on intellectual and cultural development and on an almost universal alphabetization as very important developments of human awareness. Our bodies have become weaker, and with the increase of “richness” there has been an increase in cardiovascular problems, obesity, degenerative deceases, cancer. But at the same time we have created medicines and easier life conditions.</p>
<p>Now, in the post-industrial information society we are externalizing our minds to the information technologies, so that mental capacity and critical analysis are becoming weaker. Besides, there is a development toward the pathological level, beginning from the attention deficit disorder in children who spend their time on video games instead of being physically active.</p>
<p>Just as the body has lost importance with the arrival of production machines, the mind is losing its role on the center stage with the arrival of machines on which we externalize memory, thoughts and communication with others.</p>
<p>People who are into spiritual paths often talk about “no mind,” of going beyond the mind and they affirm that the mind is nothing more than a biocomputer. This is true, but the mind can be overcome only if it is lived in its fullness. In any case, we will bring the mind along with us even after spiritual enlightenment, so it is even better if the mind is brilliant and has a broad vision.</p>
<p>The <em>Lankavatara Sutra </em>says: “With the lamp of word and discrimination one must go beyond word and discrimination and enter upon the path of realization.” Almaas wrote: “There is nothing you can ultimately say, but you have to exhaust all the words.” Osho himself, who was never soft toward the mind, said:</p>
<blockquote><p>The intellect has to be used, not discarded; had to be transcended, not discarded. And it can be transcended only when you have reached to the uppermost rung of the ladder. You have to go on growing in intelligence. Then a moment come when intelligence has done all that it can do. In that moment say goodby to intelligence. It has helped you a long way, it has brought you long enough, it has been a good vehicle. It has been a boat you crossed with: you have reached the other shore, then you leave the boat. Then you don&#8217;t carry the boat on your head: that would be foolish. (<em>The Heart Sutra</em>, Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, p. 218).</p></blockquote>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Similarly, a musician can let go the knowledge of musical scales and improvise only after having learned them perfectly, otherwise only noise is produced. Weakened mental capacities bring mental rigidity and intolerance. The mind becomes easily manipulated by populists’ slogans and by simple messages which lever with the most superficial feelings. From this we understand how important it is for a nation to value education for the construction of a critical look on reality by people and for democracy.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">There is no necessity of forgetting, either through biochemical interventions or by sinking into the sea of superfluous information, at least until the great jump.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">I originally published this article for <a href="http://www.scienzaeconoscenza.it/" target="_blank">Scienza e Conoscenza </a>magazine.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">[/en][it]</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Mi ricordo che a Puna nel 1994 conobbi una giovane donna che aveva avuto una grande tragedia: le era morta la  figlia di due anni. Le suggerii di lavorare su questo fatto all&#8217;interno dei workshop che operano sui traumi e sulle perdite oppure in forma di sessioni individuali. Mi disse che non voleva entrarci poiché non voleva perdere il ricordo della bimba che “è l&#8217;unica cosa che mi rimane di lei”. Mi fece una grande tenerezza, le spiegai che non si tratta di dimenticare, piuttosto di entrare con consapevolezza ed amore nell&#8217;esperienza. Non so come fosse proseguito il suo percorso di vita, ma questo per dire quanto sia radicata la convizione che la terapia equivalga al togliere o al combattare qualcosa.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">La memoria è fortemente legata all&#8217;attenzione e alla presenza. A mio parere è questo il motivo per cui i ricordi “forti” e traumatici entrano in tale profondità. Ogni qual volta ci troviamo di fronte ad un evento che minaccia la nostra sopravvivenza, questo ci porterà inevitabilmente a moltiplicare la nostra presenza e consapevolezza. Chiunque si è trovata in una situazione di pericolo sa quanto la consapevolezza si espanda improssivamente. Per il principio altamente scienfico del “chiodo scaccia chiodo” dovremo riportare altrettanta consapevolezza per il superamento del trauma.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Ma, a parte gli eventi estremi, le capacità di attenzione e di presenza nella vita di tutti i giorni, e di conseguenza la memoria, sembrano estinguersi più velocemente degli orsi polari. Anche la rivista di tecnologia digitale <a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/st_thompson" target="_blank">Wired </a>ha riportato lo studio del neuroscienziato Ian Robertson che ha rilevato che i giovani erano meno capaci dei loro genitori di ricordare le informazioni personali generiche.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">L&#8217;aumento esponenziale delle informazioni presenti nella nostra vita non è parallelo all&#8217;aumento della capacità di assimilarle in profondità. Possiamo “esserci” con la nostra attenzione cosciente solo in una cosa  per volta. L&#8217;attenzione non cresce con il crescere delle informazioni, è una sola. Per quanto  possiamo svolgere diverse attività in multitasking, questo significa solamente spostarsi da un&#8217;attività all&#8217;altra, e dare uno scarso livello di attenzione ad ognuna.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">La nostra memoria diventa breve, come quella dei supporti magnetici su cui la esternalizziamo. La durata dei supporti di memorizzazione è calata drasticamente nel tempo. Una scritta nella roccia dura milioni di anni, un papiro migliaia di anni, un libro qualche centinaio, un CD tra pochi e una trentina d&#8217;anni (a seconda della qualità del supporto) e un hard disk alcuni anni.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">La società dell&#8217;informazione porta l&#8217;enfasi sull&#8217;ultimissima novità, senza una visione ampia storica, senza un&#8217;evoluzione dell&#8217;informazione, una sua storicità, una narrativa. Presenta frammenti disconnessi di informazione. Nel momento in cui ci affidiamo alla tecnologia per il recupero delle informazioni invece che alla nostra memoria, svuotiamo questa del senso vivo e sentito. Inoltre la nostra memoria è selettiva ed è altrettanto importante dimenticare quanto ricordare. Le enormi capacità di memoria che possiamo mantenere negli archivi dei nostri SMS, email e delle informazioni in generale, portano ad un attaccamento a queste che sarebbero probabilmente state lasciate andare in mancanza di supporti tecnologici.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">La tecnologia dell&#8217;informazione, dalle televisioni a Internet, ha preso il posto delle capacità di attenzione profonda e quindi delle capacità di integrare la memoria nella nostra psiche in un modo “organico”.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Bombardati da una quantità di informazioni che probabilmente in una sola settimana è superiore alla quantità di una vita di poche generazioni fa, non riusciamo più a creare un&#8217;immagine completa e ci limitiamo a frammenti informativi senza un centro di coscienza che dia loro senso.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Nella tradizione mistica indiana gli esseri umani sono visti come essere composti da sette corpi: fisico, emozionale, eterico, mentale, spirituale, cosmico, nirvanico. Questi corpi sono come pietre miliari nel processo di autoconoscenza, livelli dove è connessa la nostra consapevolezza durante l’evoluzione spirituale. Osho diceva che:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Il linguaggio, le parole, i pensieri, tutti questi creano un corpo al nostro interno. Più una persona ha cultura ed è istruita, più grande è il suo corpo mentale. Ma questo corpo non è visibile come corpo, di conseguenza gettiamo qualsiasi tipo di pensiero nel corpo mentale senza preoccupazione. Una persona che legge il quotidiano alla mattina non comprende che sta anche creando il suo corpo mentale. Camminando per la strada leggendo i manifesti sulle pareti, questa persona non può neanche immaginare che tali parole entrano e formano la sua mente. Siamo totalmente inconsapevoli sul modo in cui vengono create le nostre menti, di conseguenza la nostra vita è un caos&#8230; qualsiasi cosa ascoltiamo, qualsiasi cosa leggiamo, qualsiasi cosa pensiamo, qualsiasi parola risuoni in noi crea il nostro corpo mentale. (Osho. <em>The Way Beyond Any Way</em>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Sembra quindi che abbiamo dei corpi mentali obesi. L&#8217;esplosione delle informazione, il massiccio contatto di culture diverse e il necessario ampliamento della portata delle nostra consapevolezza fa sì che non abbiamo più i codici e i riferimenti per interpretare la realtà. Le strutture della mente non sono più in grado di portare ad una compresione soddisfacente della realtà. Sarebbe necessario passare ad una visione della realtà al di là della mente, dove le strutture concettuali vengono sostituite da una consapevolezza di livello spirituale più ampio, da una comprensione diretta. Ma questo livello non è certamente facilmente accessibile se non dopo un lungo cammino di ricerca, sconosciuto ai più.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Allora invece che unificare le informazioni in un centro di consapevolezza più ampio, essendo schiacciati da una quantità di informazioni a cui non sappiamo, non possiamo e non vogliamo più dare ordine, semplifichiamo, andiamo sul noto, regrediamo ad un pensiero che non affronta le sfumature e le complessità.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Stephen Talbott nella newsletter Netfuture citava gli scienziati del Rational Psychology Association che studiavano i canbiamenti nel cervello a seguito dell&#8217;essere sovrastimolati. Un ricercatore ha definito come “nuova indifferenza” la capacità di far fronte a stimoli contraddittori senza esserne toccati. Se a questo aggiungiamo le difficoltà nel dare attenzione prolungata ad alcunché e la carenza di un centro interiore che dia “senso”, data la mancanza di forti indicazioni morali ed ideologiche nella fase storica attuale, allora è facile diventare preda di manipolazioni che tendono a semplificare il mondo e la sua complessità, preda di  fondamentalismi ed ideologie che promettono soluzioni rapide e il ritorno alle “certezze” del passato. Si fa presa sul cervello antico, rettile, dove le paure e gli istinti di sopravvivenza diventano predominanti.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Anche lo stato di illuminazione spirituale accetta le contraddizioni e il caos delle mente, ma questo stato si trova oltre la mente e le sue schizofrenie, mentre lo stato di accettazione delle contraddizioni della società attuale è uno stato di involuzione di una mente che non sa più come interpretare la realtà e abbassa il suo livello di attenzione e di ricerca di coerenza.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify"><em>La società dell&#8217;informazione è un catalizzatore che accelera enormemente il processo di sviluppo del corpo mentale, il quale può evolversi verso la sua trascendenza oppure involvere nel declino delle sue capacità. </em>Nel caso dell&#8217;involuzione abbiamo torpore mentale, incapacità di vedere la cose in prospettiva, memoria corta, scarsa capacitò di attenzione prolungata, continue interruzioni da SMS, email, notifiche dai siti, notizie. In altre parole, un generale rincoglionimento. Il computer e Internet ci danno l&#8217;opportunità di accelerare il processo della mente oppure di regredire ad uno stato precedente allo sviluppo della mente per come è avvenuto nelle società ad alta alfabetizzazione.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">McLuhan affermava che “ogni invenzione o tecnologia è un&#8217;estensione o un&#8217;autoamputazione del nostro corpo, che impone nuovi rapporti o nuovi equilibri tra gli altri organi e le altre estensioni del corpo.” (Marshall McLuhan. <em>Strumenti del comunicare</em>, p.55). Ad esempio, l&#8217;automobile da una parte estende le possibilità delle nostre gambe ma dall&#8217;altra indebolisce le stesse in quanto sottoutilizzate. La televisione, mentre estende la visione del mondo al di là del nostro circondario immediato, allo stesso tempo ci isola dai vicini e dai famigliari.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Generalmente con l&#8217;introduzione di una nuova tecnologia o di un nuovo media tendiamo a glorificare ciò che viene espanso, ma non vediamo la parte amputativa. L&#8217;amputazione genera uno shock e un torpore che impedisce alla nostra consapevolezza il riconoscimento dello shock. In particolare non ci rendiamo conto di perdere capacità mentali perchè siamo in stato di shock di fronte all’amputazione delle stesse.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Questo stato di inconsapevolezza della nostra condizione generale prepara il terreno ideale per i politici che non necessitano più di rendere conto della coerenza delle loro parole o dei loro atti. Possono permettersi di contraddirsi apertamente in quanto l&#8217;attenzione viene data quasi esclusivamente all&#8217;ultima notizia, e la memoria fa cilecca. Le coerenza e la verità non sono più sentiti come valori. Berlusconi, giusto per citare uno dei tanti esempi, può permettersi di affermare «Mai detto né pensato alla Polizia nelle scuole» quando vi sono le trascrizioni integrali delle sue dichiarazioni rilasciate il giorno precedente in conferenza stampa. Se questo può avvenire senza rassegnare le dimissioni né perlomeno scusarsi pubblicamente, significa che il livello di assuefazione al falso ha raggiunto dei livelli patologici su un piano collettivo. Dunque le scoperte biochimiche sulla possibilità di cancellare i ricordi non sembrano più così necessarie, la società stessa sta  portando all&#8217;amnesia generalizzata.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Con la rivoluzione industriale abbiamo esternalizzato il lavoro dei nostri corpi verso le macchine e ci siamo potuti concentrare sullo sviluppo intellettuale, culturale e su un&#8217;alfabetizzazione quasi universale, importantissimi sviluppi della consapevolezza umana. I nostri corpi si sono indeboliti, e con l&#8217;aumento del “benessere” vi è stato un parallelo aumento di problemi cardiovascolari, obesità, malattie degenerative, cancri. Ma allo stesso tempo abbiamo creato farmaci e condizioni di vita più protette.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Ora, nella società post-industriale dell&#8217;informazione, stiamo esternalizzando le nostre menti verso le tecnologie dell&#8217;informazione e si sta indebolendo la capacità mentale di riflessione e analisi critica. Inoltre vi è uno sviluppo anche su un piano patologico, a partire dall&#8217;esplosioni di deficit dell&#8217;attenzione da parte di bambini che passano il loro tempo di fronte ai videogame invece che essere fisicamente attivi.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Così come il corpo ha perso importanza con l&#8217;avvento delle macchina per la produzione, la mente sta perdendo il suo ruolo centrale con l&#8217;avvento delle macchine su cui esternalizzare memoria, pensiero, comunicazione con il prossimo.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Nei percorsi spirituali spesso si sente parlare di “non mente”, di superare la mente e si afferma che la mente non sia altre che un biocomputer. Questo è vero ma la mente si può superare solo quando la si è vissuta in pieno. E in ogni caso ci porteremo appresso la mente anche dopo l&#8217;illuminazione spirituale quindi tanto meglio che sia una mente brillante e di ampia visione.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Il Lankavatara Sutra scrive  “Con la lampada della parola e della discriminazione si deve andare oltre la parola e la discriminazione e infilare la strada della presa di coscienza.”, Almaas ha scritto “Non c&#8217;è niente che si può affermare in modo definitivo, ma devi prima esaurire tutte le parole.” e Osho stesso, che non è mai stato particolarmente leggero con la mente:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Bisogna usare l’intelletto, non bisogna scartarlo; deve essere trasceso, non messo da parte. E potrete trascenderlo soltanto quando sarete arrivati al gradino più alto della scala. Dovete continuare a crescere intellettualmente, poi verrà un momento in cui l’intelligenza avrà esaurito il proprio compito. In quel momento direte addio all’intelligenza. Vi ha aiutato lungo gran parte del cammino, vi ha condotti abbastanza lontano, è stata un buon veicolo. E’ stata una barca sulla quale avete attraversato il fiume &#8211; raggiunta l’altra sponda, abbandonerete la barca. Non vi porterete la barca sulla testa: sarebbe una sciocchezza. (Il <em>Sutra del Cuore</em>, Milano: Edizioni del Cigno, 1996, p. 237).</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Analogamente, un musicista può abbandonare la conoscenza delle scale musicali ed improvvisare solo dopo averle conosciute in profondità, altrimenti si produce solo rumore. Le capacità mentali indebolite portano  all&#8217;irrigidimento e all&#8217;intolleranza. La mente diviene facilmente manipolabile da slogan populisti e da messaggi semplicistici che fanno leva sull&#8217;emotività più superficiale. Da questo capiamo anche quanto sia importante che una nazione valorizzi la scuola come momento di costruzione dello spirito critico e della democrazia.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Non vi è necessità di dimenticare né con interventi biochimici né affondando in un mare di informazioni superflue, almeno fino al grande salto.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">Ho pubblicato questo articolo originalmente sulla rivista <a href="http://www.scienzaeconoscenza.it/" target="_blank">Scienza e Conoscenza</a>.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; widows: 2; orphans: 2;" lang="en-GB" align="justify">[/it]</p>
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		<title>Information Dopaminated</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/information-dopaminated/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/information-dopaminated/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 04 Oct 2008 06:47:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mind]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technosoul]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[addiction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dipendenza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linguaggi di programmazione]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linguaggi orientati agli oggetti]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[neuroscience]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[neuroscienze]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[object oriented programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Postman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Programming languages]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=245</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[en] When I learned to program, the most-used computer programming languages were C or Pascal, languages based on the structured programming paradigm where the development of the procedures and the program structure were to be planned carefully, sometimes with elegance. However, this type of programming made the management of exchange of information with external events [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/dali-accomodations-of-desire.jpg"><img class="alignleft alignnone size-full wp-image-246" style="float: left; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" title="dali-accomodations-of-desire" src="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/dali-accomodations-of-desire.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="135" /></a>[en]</p>
<p>When I learned to program, the most-used computer programming languages were C or Pascal, languages based on the structured programming paradigm where the development of the procedures and the program structure were to be planned carefully, sometimes with elegance. However, this type of programming made the management of exchange of information with external events or with other programs or procedures more complicated.</p>
<p>At a certain point programming languages developed into event-driven programming, where procedures are activated on the basis of the messages which come from other software or from the user’s inputs, for example, by a click of a mouse or an input through the keyboard. This type of programming first gained prominence when graphic interfaces like Windows appeared and later with complex Internet communication.</p>
<p>Therefore, the execution of software takes place as a rebound of an input between programming modules which are continuously affecting each other. This type of programming is usually based on object-oriented programming languages, which, at the end of the 1990s imposed themselves on the structured and procedural programming model.</p>
<p>We continuously interact with the Net and with other technologies like mobile phones, sending and receiving information in a pace increasing according to technological advances. Just as software responds to events, users have also started behaving in the same way, becoming <a href="http://www.indranet.org/mechanisms-mysticism-and-amazon-mechanical-turk/" target="_blank">servomechanisms of technology</a> and an integral part of the galaxy of stimuli-actions.</p>
<p>We fit ourselves as one of the modules which respond to events. As inputs, we have myriads of information and sites, and as outputs we click here and there. This produces new information and the mechanism becomes self-fed.</p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p>Quando imparai a programmare, i linguaggi maggiormente utilizzati erano il C o il Pascal, linguaggi che si basano sul paradigma della programmazione strutturata, in cui lo svlgimento delle procedure e la struttura del programma andava pianificata con cura e magari con eleganza. Questo tipo di programmazione tuttavia rendeva più complicato gestire uno scambio di informazioni con eventi esterni o di complesse interazioni con altri programmi o procedure.</p>
<p>Ad un certo punto i linguaggi di programmazione per computer si sono evoluti nel modello ad &#8220;eventi&#8221;, dove le procedure si attivano sulla base di messaggi che giungono da altre parti di software oppure da un input dell&#8217;utente, ad esempio un clic del mouse o un input da tastiera. In particolare questo tipo di programmazione si è imposto con l&#8217;avvento delle interfacce grafiche tipo Windows prima e poi con la complessa comunicazione di Internet.</p>
<p>Quindi l&#8217;esecuzione del software avviene come un rimbalzo continuo di input tra moduli di programmazione che si influenzano a vicenda. Questo tipo di programmazione si basa di solito su linguaggi di programmazione ad oggetti, che verso la fine degli anni 90 si è imposta sul modello della programmazione strutturata e procedurale.</p>
<p>Interagiamo in continuazione con la rete e con altre tecnologie tipo i cellulari, mandando e ricevendo informazioni ad un ritmo che cresce con l&#8217;avanzare delle tecnologie. Così come il software risponde agli eventi, anche gli utenti hanno iniziato a comportarsi come tali, diventando <a href="http://www.indranet.org/mechanisms-mysticism-and-amazon-mechanical-turk/" target="_blank">servomeccanismi delle tecnologie </a>e parte integrante della galassia di stimoli-azioni.</p>
<p>Ci siamo inseriti come uno dei moduli che rispondono agli eventi. Come input abbiamo le miriadi di informazioni e siti e come output clicchiamo qui e là. Questo produce nuove informazioni e il meccanismo si autoalimenta.</p>
<p>[/it]<span id="more-245"></span></p>
<p>[en]</p>
<p>Since we spent a million years as human beings terrified by predators, any visual or audio signal representing a novelty is associated with something potentially dangerous. The reptile brain mechanisms get activated. This is one of the reasons why it is difficult to stay in front of a TV and ignoring moving images.</p>
<p>Every time there is a new stimulus, it activates the mechanism of reward. On the neuroscientific level this means that dopamine gets released in neural circuits which leads to the sense of well-being and euphoria.<br />
To get a reward when there is a new stimulus is part of the survival mechanism of the species. If we give attention to the stimulus it improves our possibilities of survival, so we get rewarded with a release of tasty dopamine in our brain. Everything that facilitates the survival of the species is gratified – the reason why sex is a pleasant activity.</p>
<p>The events on the Net which activate the reward system and which anticipate reward are numerous: from new email announcements to announcements of new messages in forums to chat or Twitter messages to refreshed news sites to the arrivals of new articles in RSS feeds.</p>
<p>The stimulation of the amygdala is an integral part of every medium and the Internet has only multiplied the stimuli of the previous media, concentrating the textual, visual, auditory, and interactive channels in a single medium.</p>
<blockquote><p>Ads are news. What is wrong with them is that they are always good news. In order to balance the effect and to sell good news, it is necessary to have a lot of bad news. Moreover, the newspaper is a hot medium. It has to have bad news for the sake of intensity and reader participation (Marshall McLuhan, <em>Understanding Media</em>, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).</p></blockquote>
<p>So news which are bad news, as McLuhan says, are “good news” for our addiction to novelty and for the stimulation of the survival mechanism with the ensuing reward mechanism. And, therefore, what is better than a catastrophe which attracts much interest and gets a large audience?</p>
<p>While we were beset by real dangers for million of years we now have a very comfortable life – at least in the West. In Korea, which has had fast development in technologies, the dependence on computers is treated with boot camps.</p>
<p>Our inner reward system makes us click repeatedly and produce new inputs from the Net. The mechanism is activated not only when there is a stimulus which rewards but also when there are stimuli that anticipate the reward. Therefore, a simple sound signal of an incoming email or of a message gives us a good release of dopamine even if it turns out to be a spam message.</p>
<p>As for any action which activates reward mechanisms, another mechanism comes into play: that of an addiction. As stimuli become predictable, the reward becomes less. The stimuli which previously provoked a certain neural activity, in time don’t give the same effects any more.</p>
<p>So, it is necessary to have a growing number of stimuli, more frequent, more intense, more varied. On the technological level it means more power and higher speed for managing an increasing number of events and a large number of open windows on the screen at the same time.</p>
<p>The brain, particularly the amygdala and hyppocampus, mistakes a continuous need of stimuli with survival. Therefore, it becomes difficult to remove oneself from the source of stimulation.</p>
<p>At a certain moment the novelty in our culture assumes the meaning of improvement, of advancement, of progress. Before the invention of the telegraph information could only travel at the speed permitted by the terrestrial means of that epoch, typically, at a horse’s speed. With the telegraph, information and its transportation became dissociated for the first time. Neil Postman affirms that just shortly after the historic demonstration of the telegraph by Morse the fortunes of newspapers ceased to depend much on the quality or the usefulness of the articles but on the quantity, the distance and the speed of dissemination of the information, setting the basis of the current model of real-time news and the race to be the first to spread them.</p>
<p>The need to always have new information prevents us from having a profound relationship with events. Every input is replaced by another in a short time. Staying with the same thing for a prolonged time does not satisfy our desire of novelty any more. After a little while we want to click something else. We do not want to engage in a prolonged and deep connection with the objects of our interaction, taking them as a slowing down of the flow of juicy neurotransmitters.</p>
<p>Blogs themselves, which were born as instruments for the expression of thoughts, are oriented to the last novelty, where attention is given only to the last article: the shorter, the better, so as not to strain the limited capacity of the reader to remain with the same thing for a prolonged time.</p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p>Poiché come esseri umani abbiamo passato qualche milione di anni terrorizzati dai predatori, qualsiasi segnale visivo o uditivo che rappresenta una novità viene associato a qualcosa di potenzialmente pericoloso. Si attivano i meccanismi del cervello rettile. Questo è anche il motivo per cui è difficile stare di fronte ad una televisione, ad immagini in movimento, ed ignorarle.</p>
<p>Ogni volta che vi è un nuovo stimolo, questo attiva il meccanismo della ricompensa. A livello di neuroscienze questo significa che viene rilasciata dopamina nei circuiti neurali e questo porta ad una sensazione di benessere e di euforia.Ottenere una ricompensa quando vi è un nuovo stimolo fa parte del meccanismo di sopravvivenza della specie. Se diamo attenzione allo stimolo questo migliora le nostre possibilità di sopravvivenza quindi  veniamo ricompensati con un bel succo di dopamina nel cervello. Tutto ciò che facilita la sopravvivenza della specie viene gratificato, ragione per cui il sesso è un&#8217;attività piacevole.</p>
<p>Gli eventi in rete che attivano il sistema a ricompensa e che preannunciano la ricompensa sono numerosi: dall&#8217;annuncio di nuove email, all&#8217;annuncio di nuovi di messaggi nei forum, ai messaggi che giungono dai programmi per le chat o da Twitter, ai refresh dei siti di news, il subentro di nuovi articoli nei feed RSS.</p>
<p>La stimolazione dell&#8217;amigdala è parte integrante di ogni medium e Internet ha solamente moltiplicato gli stimoli dei media precedenti, concentrando in un singolo medium i canali testuali, visivi, uditivi, interattivi.</p>
<blockquote><p>Gli avvisi pubblicitari sono &#8220;notizie&#8221;. Il loro guaio è di essere sempre notizie buone. Per equilibrare l&#8217;effetto, e per vendere le notizie buone, è necessario avere un mucchio di notizie cattive. Inoltre il giornale, in quanto medium caldo, ha bisogno di notizie cattive per accentuare la propria intensità e la partecipazione del lettore. Marshall McLuhan. <em>Gli strumenti del comunicare</em>. Mondadori. Milano. 1990</p></blockquote>
<p>Allora le notizie, che sono brutte notizie come dice McLuhan, sono &#8220;buone notizie&#8221; per la nostra dipendenza dalla novità e per la stimolazione del meccanismo di sopravvivenza con il successivo meccanismo di ricompensa. E cosa c&#8217;è di meglio di una catastrofe quindi, che provoca interesse e fa tanto audience?</p>
<p>Mentre per milioni di anni eravamo immersi nei veri pericoli ora abbiamo una vita comoda, perlomeno in Occidente. In Korea, che ha avuto uno sviluppo velocissimo verso le tecnologie, curano la dipendenza da computer con campi di addestramento.</p>
<p>Il nostro sistema interiore della ricompensa ci porta a cliccare ripettamente ed a produrre nuovi input da parte della rete. Il meccanismo si attiva non solo quando vi è uno stimolo che ricompensa ma anche con gli stimoli che preannunciano la ricompensa. Quindi un semplice segnale sonoro dell&#8217;arrivo di una email o di un messaggio di chat ci dà una bella scarica di dopamina anche se poi si rivela un messaggio spam.</p>
<p>Come per ogni azione che riguarda i meccanismi di ricompensa, entra in gioco anche un altro meccanismo, quello dell&#8217;assuefazione. Man mano che gli stimoli diventano prevedibili, la ricompensa diventa minore. Gli stimoli che in precedenza provocavano una certa attivazione neurale, nel tempo non sortiscono più gli stessi effetti.</p>
<p>Dunque si necessita di un crescente numero di stimoli, più frequenti, più intensi, più variegati. A livello tecnologico più potenza e più velocità per gestire un numero crescente di eventi e un numero maggiore di finestre aperte nello schermo allo stesso tempo.</p>
<p>Il cervello, in particolare nell&#8217;amigdala e nell&#8217;ippocampo, scambia la sopravvivenza con il bisogno continuo di stimoli. Diventa quindi difficile staccarsi dalla fonte degli stimoli.</p>
<p>Ad un certo punto la novità ha assunto nella nostra cultura il significato di miglioramento, di avanzamento, di progresso. Prima dell’invenzione del telegrafo l’informazione poteva solo viaggiare alla velocità consentita dai mezzi terrestri dell’epoca, tipicamente alla velocità dei cavalli. Con il telegrafo per la prima volta l’informazione e il suo trasporto si dissociarono.</p>
<p>Neil Postman afferma che pochissimo tempo dopo la dimostrazione storica di Morse sull’uso del telegrafo, le fortune dei quotidiani dipendevano non più tanto dalla qualità o dall’utilità delle notizie ma da quante, da quanta distanza e da quale velocità le informazioni giungevano, ponendo le basi dell&#8217;attuale modelle delle notizie in tempo reale e della rincorsa ad essere i primi a diffonderle.</p>
<p>La necessità di avere sempre nuove informazioni ci impedisce di avere una relazione approfondita con queste. Qualsiasi input viene rimpiazzato da un altro in breve tempo. Rimanere con la stessa cosa per un tempo più prolungato non soddisfa più la nostra brama per il nuovo. Dopo un breve lasso di tempo vogliamo clicchare qualcosa d&#8217;altro. Non vogliamo entrare in una relazione prolungata e profonda con ciò con cui interagiamo, sentendolo come un rallentamento del flusso di succosi neurotrasmettitori.</p>
<p>Gli stessi blog, che sono nati come luogo di espressione del pensiero, sono orientati all&#8217;ultima novità, dove l&#8217;attenzione viene data solamente all&#8217;ultimo articolo, meglio se breve per non mettere a prova la scarsa capacità del lettore di rimanere con la stessa cosa per un tempo prolungato.</p>
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		<title>Questions about the media</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/questions-about-the-media/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/questions-about-the-media/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2008 17:53:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Eros]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gender]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brain waves]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cell phones]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cellulari]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[internet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[radio]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[social networks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[società]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[television]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[televisioni]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[[en] Marshall McLuhan summarized his view of the media in a model called the tetrad of media effects. The tetrad asks the following four questions about any medium to evaluate its qualities. 1) What does the medium increase? For example, TV amplifies the view of the whole world from our homes. 2) What does the [...]]]></description>
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<p>Marshall McLuhan summarized his view of the media in a model called the tetrad of media effects. The tetrad asks the following four questions about any medium to evaluate its qualities.</p>
<p>1) What does the medium increase? For example, TV amplifies the view of the whole world from our homes.</p>
<p>2) What does the medium make obsolete? TV makes family communication obsolete.</p>
<p>3) What does the medium retrieve that had been obsolete earlier? TV provokes a re-tribalization and homogenization of cultures.</p>
<p>4) What does the medium turn into when pushed to extremes? TV can turn in a global Big Brother show where everybody is on the airwaves. TV as well can become a tool of social manipulation.</p>
<p>The number and role of the media in our lives having expanded exponentially since McLuhan&#8217;s times, both in terms of the time we dedicate to them and the scope of their applications in our lives, we need to probe the media with a broader range of questions.</p>
<p>I won’t consider the computer and Internet as individual media since they are sums of several media, both traditional and new. Using a computer to write, shop, program software, look at porn or read news are different modalities which involve different needs, though they share the same tool.</p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p>Marshall McLuhan sintetizzò le sue idee sui media in un modello chiamato la tetrade degli effetti dei media. La tetrade usa le seguenti quattro domande per valutare un medium:</p>
<p>1) Cosa permette di espandere il medium? Per esempio, la TV amplifica l’immagine che abbiamo del mondo dalle nostre case.</p>
<p>2) Cosa rende obsoleto? La TV rende obsoleta la comunicazione all’interno della famiglia.</p>
<p>3) Cosa recupera che era divenuto obsoleto in precedenza? La TV provoca una ri-tribalizzazione e un’omogeneizzazione delle culture.</p>
<p>4) Cosa succede quando i limiti del medium vengono spinti agli estremi? La TV può trasformarsi in un unico Grande Fratello in cui la vita di ognuno è in diretta. La TV può anche diventare uno strumento di manipolazione sociale.</p>
<p>Poiché oggigiorno il numero e la funzione dei media si sono espansi in misura esponenziale rispetto ai tempi di McLuhan – in termini sia di tempo che dedichiamo a essi sia di loro ricadute nella nostra vita – abbiamo bisogno di vagliarli tramite più domande.</p>
<p>Non considererò i computer e Internet come media singoli, in quanto sono la somma di diversi media, sia tradizionali che nuovi. Usare un computer per scrivere, fare acquisti, programmare, guardare pornografia o leggere notizie sono modalità diverse che rispondono a bisogni diversi, benché usino lo stesso strumento.</p>
<p>[/it]</p>
<p><span id="more-203"></span>[en]</p>
<p>From the old times of radio and TV, the media have become more flexible and there is less univocal connection between a tool and its function. Some tools include different functions and some functions can be achieved through different tools. For instance, we can email people from the desktop computer, our laptop in a café through Wi-Fi or from our mobile phone almost anywhere.</p>
<p>I’ll split the questions in groups, based on the impact of the media on our bodies, on our minds, on human qualities, and at the spiritual and social levels, showing few examples.</p>
<p><strong>Body: neurophysiology and endocrine level</strong></p>
<p>How is the body involved? TV is usually viewed when the body is fully relaxed, in a sofa or armchair. Computers are used while sitting, which doesn’t allow ful relaxation. The only physical movements are of our fingers and forearm on the keyboard and mouse. Cars involve a limited set of movements, while bicycles engage the body almost fully.</p>
<p>How aware are we of the surrounding environment? Theater or movie environments tend to isolate us from the surroundings, focusing our attention on just the movie. TV is usually viewed in enclosed places but, unless it is a home theater, doesn’t isolate us fully from the environment. Cell phones divert a part of our attention from the environment. Though this diversion could be very dangerous when driving, we retain much of the awareness of the surroundings. Driving cars only allows us to view the environment we drive by fleetingly, while bicycles let us observe many more places and details.</p>
<p>Which physical pathologies are promoted? TV viewing promotes obesity and cardio-circulatory problems. Computer use promotes carpal tunnel inflammation, backache, stiff neck, and obesity. Any cathode-ray tube screen emits electromagnetic waves which can give headache, irritability and are dangerous during pregnancy. Flat screens produce weaker electromagnetic fields. Cell phones are still controversial, but there are a number of studies which say that microwaves could affect the brain, especially those of kids.</p>
<p>What kind of brain waves are triggered in the user? TV puts people in a relaxed and passive alpha state (with brain waves of around 10 Hz). But at the same time the relaxation induced by TV is just temporary since after a while restlessness arises, as Jerry Mander documented in <em>In the absence of the sacred </em>(San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1991) and in <em>Four arguments for the elimination of television</em>. As far as I know, there aren’t many studies about brain waves related to the usage of different kinds of media. It would be interesting to see more of them.</p>
<p>How does it work on the endocrine system? For instance, the light from any screen inhibits the production of melatonin, especially when viewed from close by, as in computer use. Melatonin inhibition provokes, among other things, difficulty in sleeping. There are also some studies connecting cell phone usage and the endocrine system.</p>
<p><strong>Mind and psychology</strong></p>
<p>Does the medium promote concentration or splitting of our attention? Reading books promotes concentration, while surfing the Web and Internet usage in general, through the number of events which call for our attention, promotes splitting.</p>
<p>Does it promote projection and mental imagery, or brings us in touch with reality? TV puts us in a dreamy state where images reach us without filtration, helped as well by the production of alpha waves in our brain. The less our bodies are involved in the medium, the more the experience will be confined to the mental plane, where suggestions and messages can pour inside easily.</p>
<p>Which thought channels are promoted? Rational, magic, visual, kinesthetic, emotional? Which thought modalities are promoted? For instance, software programming stimulates the causal and rational way of thinking, any video stimulates the visual part, some Wii video games can promote the kinesthetic channels. Of course, channels can get mixed, as in a movie where both the visual and emotional channels are stimulated.</p>
<p>Which stages of psychological development are involved? This classification could be, for instance, according to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development (or any other psychological model). The relationship with the computer sometimes <a href="http://www.indranet.org/merging-ourselves-with-the-computer/" target="_blank">resembles the symbiotic stage</a>. The relationship with a car resembles the stage where we get our autonomy, independence and freedom, as in the stages of separation–individuation described by Margaret Mahler.</p>
<p>Which kind of psychological defenses are triggered? Computers can promote detachment from people and reality, and sometimes even distortion from reality. Books or computer programming can promote intellectualization, a form of distancing from our unmanageable feelings favoring the intellect.</p>
<p>Which part of the ego is boosted? For somebody, cars can be status symbols more than simple tools for transportation, books can raise our intellectual snobbishness, computer skills can make us feel part of an exclusive club of “high-tech” people.</p>
<p>What does excessive use bring? Excessive TV use brings passivity and obesity, excessive cell phone use brings stress and probably pathologies, excessive computer use brings addiction.<br />
How easily can we become addicted to these media? Cell phone texting, video games, online auctions, online gambling or online sex can bring addiction more easily. My hypothesis is that computer addiction is a <a href="http://www.indranet.org/computer-addiction-as-survival-for-the-ego/" target="_blank">mechanism of the ego for its survival</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Human qualities</strong></p>
<p>Which qualities of the human soul do these tools seem to satisfy? Computers, in general, foster the precise, steady, predictable, infallible mental qualities. Cars – more so, motorbikes – glorify power, the urge to explore and to seek adventure. Social networks seem to satisfy our need to have meaningful connections with other human beings. Books and printed words in general are extensions and replacements of a good memory. TV seems to satisfy our need for peace and relaxation.</p>
<p>Which inner needs do they appear to fill and, how can those needs be manipulated by advertisers? Cars are depicted as tools for freedom and useful for our need to move, computers give the impression of simplifying and automating life tasks (shopping, online banking, accounting, writing, and hundreds of other supposedly “time-saving” tasks), promising a simpler life. TV seems to give the peace and relaxation needed in our stressed lives. Such passive and relaxed states can be taken advantage of by advertising.<br />
Which good qualities can be developed? Software programming can develop logical thinking and cause-effect understanding. Blogging can develop writing skills.</p>
<p>To what good things can they be detrimental? The Internet, with its many temptations and interruptions, reduces prolonged attention. TV inhibits or entirely cuts off intra-family communication. Cars reduce the exercise necessary for our leg muscles. Car GPS receivers reduce our sense of orientation. Mobile phones reduce our connection with the immediately surrounding environment. McLuhan called such cutting off “amputation.”</p>
<p><strong>Spiritual</strong></p>
<p>What longing or state is simulated at the spiritual level? For instance, the connection of everybody and everything through the Internet resembles the collective consciousness spoken of by many spiritual teachers. Some technologies simulate spiritual siddhis, spiritual powers mentioned in the ancient Hindu epics. For instance, Vayu Gaman Siddhi, which allows one to move instantly from one place to another and to fly in the skies (Google Earth and other simulators), or the siddhi which gives the capability of creating worlds (technology allows us to create virtual worlds like Second Life), or manipulating matter (nanotechnologies).</p>
<p><strong>Social</strong></p>
<p>How much of reality can be manipulated? Any &#8220;medium,&#8221; by its very definition, stands between reality and ourselves, so will mediate and hide our contact with reality to different degrees. TV edits and special effects can manipulate reality quite strongly, especially through the visual channel of our mind. Virtual worlds like Second Life, though they want to immerse the user deeply into the environment, are actually less manipulative since they don’t claim to show reality.</p>
<p>What social problems seem to get resolved? In the beginning, TV was seen as a medium for spreading culture, especially for the less educated people. The Internet promotes participation in social decisions by everybody.</p>
<p>Are they individual or collective experiences? To begin with, TV was a collective experience, then a family experience, then an individualistic experience (now in the richest countries most people in a family have their own TV sets). Though the Internet is an individualistic experience, users are connected to each other in a mediated way. A movie in a cinema hall is a collective experience, but people aren’t connected with each other. A car is mostly an individualistic experience.</p>
<p>Are the contents made by the users or are they spread in a centralized way? Newspapers, TV and radio are centralized, while the contents and blogs of Internet social networks are made by the users. Sometimes even the traditional media give some space to users in the form of letters and telephone calls.</p>
<p>Can the medium be concentrated in a few hands or be controlled? Almost any of the media can be concentrated in a few hands. Traditional media as press and television can be controlled by their owners and also by governments. The Internet, with its open structure, is more difficult to be controlled, but is becoming both more and more controlled and concentrated in a few hands.</p>
<p>What is the environmental life cycle of a medium? What is the environmental impact of the production, use and discharge of the tools? Can they be recycled and, to what degree?</p>
<p>What is the production environment of manufacturing the tools? Are there health hazards for the workers? Are workers&#8217; rights respected? Is the production done in countries which respect human rights?</p>
<p>What parts of social contact are substituted? TV substitutes family talk, social networks can substitute street groups of friends, cybersex can substitute a whole sexual experience, and dating sites substitute the play of the seduction of gestures, glances and body language. Mp3 players (and earlier the Walkman) substitute the singing and whistling of people on the streets.</p>
<p><strong>Summing up</strong></p>
<p>The different qualities of the media could be analyzed and summed up to evaluate the risk of manipulating truth and reality by a certain medium. For instance, a medium like TV, which puts people in a passive and receptive state at the same time, is controlled by a few people and used by the majority of people, should be regulated closely to preserve democracy and freedom of expression.</p>
<p>Also, if a medium works on certain neural circuits and feeds on deep unresolved psychological needs, it can easily become addictive and people should be aware of this.</p>
<p>Much more work has to be done on the impact of the media on our psyche and on society. Asking questions and evaluating answers is a good beginning.</p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p>Dai vecchi tempi della radio e della TV, i media sono diventati più flessibili e la connessione tra uno strumento e la sua funzione è divenuta meno univoca. Alcuni strumenti permettono diverse funzioni e certe funzioni sono ottenibili mediante vari strumenti. Per esempio, possiamo mandare un’e-mail dal PC di casa nostra, dal computer portatile in un cafè tramite Wi-Fi o, praticamente ovunque, dai nostri telefoni cellulari.</p>
<p>Dividerò le domande per gruppi, in base all’impatto che i media hanno sul corpo, la mente, le qualità umane, il livello spirituale e quello sociale, con qualche esempio.</p>
<p><strong>Il corpo: neurofisiologia e livello endocrino</strong></p>
<p>Come è coinvolto il corpo? Di solito, quando guardiamo la TV, il corpo è completamente rilassato su un divano o una poltrona. I computer si utilizzano da seduti, fatto che impedisce un rilassamento completo. Gli unici movimenti fisici sono quelli delle dita e dell’avambraccio sulla tastiera e il mouse. Le automobili richiedono un numero limitato di movimenti, mentre le biciclette attivano quasi tutto il nostro corpo.</p>
<p>Quanto siamo consapevoli dell’ambiente che ci circonda? Il teatro o il cinema sono ambienti che cercano di isolarci da quanto ci circonda, al fine di farci concentrare esclusivamente sul film. La TV è di solito vista in luoghi chiusi ma, a meno che non si tratti di home theater, non ci isola completamente dall’ambiente. I cellulari allontanano una parte della nostra attenzione dall’ambiente. Questo può essere molto pericoloso mentre si guida, ma la gran parte della nostra attenzione continua a essere diretta verso ciò che ci circonda. Guidare una macchina ci permette di guardare in modo fuggevole l’ambiente che attraversiamo, mentre le biciclette ci consentono di osservare più cose più in dettaglio.</p>
<p>Quali patologie fisiche vengono incoraggiate? Guardare la TV predispone all’obesità e a problemi cardiocircolatori. L’uso del computer può causare infiammazione del tunnel carpale, mal di schiena, rigidità al collo e obesità. Tutti gli schermi a tubo catodico emettono onde elettromagnetiche che possono provocare mal di testa e irritabilità, oltre a essere pericolosi durante la gravidanza. Gli schermi piatti producono campi elettromagnetici più deboli. I cellulari sono tuttora un argomento controverso, ma esistono molti studi secondo i quali le microonde possono avere effetti sul cervello, soprattutto dei bambini.</p>
<p>Che genere di onde cerebrali vengono attivate nell’utilizzatore? La TV pone le persone in uno stato passivo e rilassato, caratterizzato da onde cerebrali alfa (intorno ai 10 Hz). Ma allo stesso tempo il rilassamento indotto dalla TV è solo temporaneo, perché dopo un po’ insorge una certa irrequietezza, come ha evidenziato Jerry Mander in <em>In the absence of the sacred </em>(San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1991) e in <em>Quattro argomenti contro la televisione</em>, (Dedalo, 1982). Per quanto ne so, non esistono molti studi sulle onde cerebrali in relazione ai diversi tipi di media. Sarebbe interessante se ce ne fossero di più.</p>
<p>Quali sono i suoi effetti sul sistema endocrino? Per esempio, la luce di qualsiasi schermo inibisce la produzione di melatonina, soprattutto a distanza ravvicinata, come nel caso dei computer. L’inibizione della melatonina provoca, tra le altre cose, difficoltà ad addormentarsi. Ci sono anche degli studi che collegano l’uso dei cellulari al sistema endocrino.</p>
<p><strong>Mente e psicologia</strong></p>
<p>Il mezzo promuove  la concentrazione o disperde l’attenzione? Leggere un libro promuove la concentrazione, mentre navigare in Rete (e l’uso di Internet in generale), a causa dell’elevato numero di eventi che chiedono la nostra attenzione, promuove la dispersione.</p>
<p>Promuove proiezioni e fantasie mentali, o ci porta a contatto con la realtà? La TV ci porta in uno stato onirico in cui le immagini ci raggiungono la mente senza molti filtri, grazie anche alla produzione delle onde cerebrali alfa. Meno il nostro corpo è coinvolto dal medium, più l’esperienza sarà limitata alla sfera mentale e più facilmente messaggi e suggestioni potranno entrare in noi.</p>
<p>Quali canali di pensiero sono stimolati? Razionale, magico, visuale, cinestetico, emozionale? Che modalità di pensiero è sollecitata? Per esempio, la programmazione di software stimola la modalità di pensiero causale-razionale, un video stimola la parte visuale, mentre alcuni videogiochi Wii possono promuovere i canali cinestetici. Naturalmente, i canali possono mescolarsi, come in un film in cui vengono stimolati sia il canale visuale che quello emotivo.</p>
<p>Quali stadi dello sviluppo psicologico sono coinvolti? Questa classificazione potrebbe seguire, per esempio, quella di Piaget degli stadi dello sviluppo cognitivo (o qualsiasi altro modello psicologico). La relazione con il computer talvolta <a href="http://www.indranet.org/merging-ourselves-with-the-computer/" target="_blank">ricorda lo stato simbiotico</a>. La relazione con un’automobile ricorda lo stadio in cui otteniamo autonomia, indipendenza e libertà (il riferimento qui è agli stadi di separazione-individuazione individuati da Margaret Mahler).</p>
<p>Che tipo di difese psicologiche vengono attivate? I computer possono provocare distacco dalle persone e dalla realtà, e talvolta anche distorsione di quest’ultima. I libri o la programmazione informatica possono promuovere l’intellettualizzazione, intesa come modo per evitare quei sentimenti che non si riesce a gestire, a favore dell’intelletto.</p>
<p>Quale parte dell’ego viene incoraggiata? Per alcuni, le automobili possono rappresentare uno status symbol più che semplici mezzi di trasporto, i libri possono generare snobismo intellettuale e le conoscenze informatiche possono indurre a sentirsi parte di un’élite high-tech.</p>
<p>Cosa provoca l’uso eccessivo? L’uso eccessivo della TV provoca passività e obesità, l’uso eccessivo dei cellulari provoca stress e probabilmente patologie, l’uso eccessivo del computer provoca dipendenza.<br />
Quanto facilmente si diventa dipendenti da questi media? Gli SMS, i videogame, le aste on-line, il gioco d’azzardo on-line e il sesso on-line possono provocare più facilmente dipendenza. La mia ipotesi è che la dipendenza da computer sia un <a href="http://www.indranet.org/computer-addiction-as-survival-for-the-ego/" target="_blank">meccanismo dell’ego per sopravvivere</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Qualità umane</strong></p>
<p>Quali qualità dell’animo umano questi strumenti incrementano, apparentemente? I computer, in generale, stimolano qualità mentali come la precisione, la prevedibilità, la costanza, l’infallibilità. Le automobili – anche di più, le motociclette – esaltano il potere, il desiderio di avventure ed esplorazioni. I social network, apparentemente, soddisfano il bisogno di rapporti significativi con gli altri esseri umani. I libri, e le parole stampate in generale, sono estensioni e sostituti di una buona memoria. Sembra che la TV soddisfi il nostro bisogno di quiete e rilassamento.</p>
<p>Quali bisogni interiori sembra che soddisfino, e come tali bisogni sono manipolabili dalla pubblicità? Le automobili sono rappresentate come strumenti di libertà che appagano il nostro bisogno di movimento, i computer danno la sensazione di semplificare e automatizzare certe incombenze (shopping; conto corrente on-line; lavori di contabilità, scrittura e centinaia di altre cose che dovrebbero farci “risparmiare tempo”), promettendo una vita più semplice. La TV sembra donare quella quiete e quella tranquillità necessarie alla nostra vita stressata. Di tali stati passivi e rilassati può approfittare la pubblicità.</p>
<p>Quali buone qualità possono essere sviluppate? La programmazione software può sviluppare il pensiero logico e la comprensione causa-effetto. I blog possono migliorare le doti di scrittura.</p>
<p>Possono nuocere a qualche buona qualità? Internet, con le sue molte tentazioni e interruzioni, riduce l’attenzione prolungata. La TV inibisce o elimina completamente la comunicazione all’interno della famiglia. Le automobili riducono l’esercizio necessario ai muscoli delle gambe. I sistemi di orientamento satellitare nelle automobili indeboliscono il nostro senso di orientamento. I cellulari riducono il legame con l’ambiente che ci circonda. McLuhan chiamava tali indebolimenti “amputazioni”.</p>
<p><strong>Spirituale</strong></p>
<p>Quale aspirazione o stato vengono simulati a livello spirituale? Per esempio, la connessione con tutti e tutto raggiungibile tramite Internet ricorda la consapevolezza collettiva di cui hanno parlato molti insegnanti spirituali. Alcune tecnologie imitano le siddhi, i poteri spirituali di cui si fa menzione nell’antica epica hindu. Per esempio, la Vayu Gaman Siddhi, che consente di spostarsi simultaneamente da un luogo all’altro e di volare nei cieli (Google Earth e gli altri simulatori), o la siddhi che permette la capacità di creare mondi (la tecnologia ci consente di creare mondi virtuali come Second Life) o di manipolare la materia (le nanotecnologie).</p>
<p><strong>Sociale</strong></p>
<p>Fino a che punto è possibile manipolare la realtà? Qualsiasi “medium”, per sua stessa definizione, si frappone tra noi e la realtà, mediando e velando il nostro contatto con essa in misura più o meno grande. I tagli e gli effetti speciali della TV possono manipolare in misura significativa la realtà, soprattutto attraverso il canale visuale della mente. Mondi virtuali come Second Life, benché vogliano immergere l’utente più profondamente nell’ambiente, sono in realtà meno manipolativi, poiché non pretendono di mostrare la realtà.</p>
<p>Quali problemi sociali sembra che vengano risolti? All’inizio, la TV era vista come un medium per diffondere cultura, soprattutto tra le persone meno istruite. Internet promuove la partecipazione alle decisioni sociali da parte di tutti.</p>
<p>Sono esperienze individuali o collettive? All’inizio, la TV era un’esperienza collettiva, poi venne posta nella famiglia, infine individuale (oggi, nei Paesi ricchi, la maggior parte dei componenti di una famiglia possiede una televisione tutta per sé). Benché Internet sia un’esperienza individuale, gli utenti sono connessi tra loro in modo mediato. Un film al cinema è un’esperienza collettiva, ma le persone non sono connesse tra loro. Un’automobile è perlopiù un’esperienza individuale.</p>
<p>I contenuti sono creati dagli individui o sono diffusi in modo centralizzato? I giornali, la TV e le radio sono centralizzati, mentre i contenuti e i blog dei social network di Internet sono creati dagli utenti. Talvolta, anche i media tradizionali danno spazio agli utenti, tramite lettere e telefonate.</p>
<p>Può il mezzo essere concentrato in poche mani o essere controllato? Quasi tutti i media possono essere concentrati in poche mani. I media tradizionali quali la stampa e la televisione possono essere controllati dai loro proprietari e anche dai governi. Internet, con la sua struttura aperta, è più difficilmente controllabile, ma anche in questo campo il controllo e la concentrazioni in poche mani stanno aumentando.</p>
<p>Qual è il ciclo di vita ambientale di un mezzo? Qual è l’impatto ambientale della produzione, dell’uso e dell’eliminazione dei suoi strumenti? È possibile riciclare questi ultimi, e fino a che punto?</p>
<p>Qual è l’ambiente di produzione di tali strumenti? Ci sono rischi per i lavoratori? I diritti dei lavoratori sono rispettati? La produzione viene effettuata in Paesi che rispettano i diritti umani?</p>
<p>Quali parti del contatto sociale vengono sostituite? La TV sostituisce la conversazione in famiglia, i network sociali possono sostituire le amicizie che nascono per strada, il cybersesso può sostituire un’esperienza sessuale autentica e i siti di incontri possono sostituire il gioco della seduzione che si attua tramite gesti, gli sguardi e il linguaggio del corpo. I lettori Mp3 (e, prima ancora, i Walkman) sostituiscono il canticchiare e il fischiettare della gente per strada.</p>
<p><strong>In sintesi</strong></p>
<p>È possibile analizzare e sintetizzare le diverse qualità di un medium per valutarne i rischi di manipolazione della realtà e della verità. Per esempio, un medium come la TV – che mette le persone in uno stato passivo e ricettivo allo stesso tempo, è controllato da pochi ma è usato da molti – andrebbe sottoposto a un controllo rigoroso per tutelare la democrazia e la libertà di espressione.</p>
<p>Inoltre, se un medium agisce su certi circuiti neurali e soddisfa bisogni psicologici profondi irrisolti, può facilmente provocare dipendenza. Di questo, le persone dovrebbero essere consapevoli.<br />
Molta ricerca va ancora fatta riguardo l’impatto dei media sulla nostra psiche e sulla società. Credo che il porre domande e valutare le risposte sia un buon inizio.<br />
[/it]</p>
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		<title>Technological salsa</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/technological-salsa/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/technological-salsa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2008 10:13:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technosoul]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cuba]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[programmazione]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Weizenbaum]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=188</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[en] Joseph Weizenbaum, who died recently, had documented in the 1970s in Computer Power and Human Reason (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976) the natures of compulsive programmers, disinterested in their bodily needs and detached from the world around them. Such figures are come across in a market economy country where advanced technologies are part [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/che-guevara-computer-130.jpg"><img class="alignleft alignnone size-full wp-image-189" style="margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px; float: left;" title="che-guevara-computer-130" src="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/che-guevara-computer-130.jpg" alt="che guevara computer" width="130" height="97" /></a>[en]</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Joseph Weizenbaum,<span lang="EN-GB"> who died recently,</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">had documented in the 1970s </span>in <em><span lang="EN-GB">Computer Power and Human Reason</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976) the natures of compulsive programmers, disinterested in their bodily needs and detached from the world around them. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Such figures are come across in a market economy country where advanced technologies are part of everyday life, and we don’t pay much attention to them. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The famous McLuhan phrase, “The medium is the message,” and before this the Taoist affirmations according to which the use of instruments transforms us into them had never seemed as self-evident to me as in Cuba some years ago. </span></p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Joseph Weizenbaum in <em>Il potere del computer e la ragione umana </em><span>(</span>Edizioni Gruppo Abele. <span lang="EN-GB">Torino</span><span lang="EN-GB">. 1987), </span>da poco scomparso, <span>aveva documentato già dagli anni ’70 la natura dei “programmatori coatti”, che dedicano la vita alla programmazione, disinteressati dei bisogni del corpo e distaccati dal </span>mondo che li circonda.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Finché si incontrano tali figure in un centro di calcolo di una nazione con economia di mercato dove le tecnologie avanzate sono di casa ci si fa poco caso.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La famose frase “Il medium è il messaggio” di McLuhan e prima di questa, le affermazioni del taoismo secondo cui l’utilizzo degli strumenti ci trasforma negli stessi, non mi sono mai sembrate tanto evidenti quanto a Cuba alcuni anni fa.</p>
<p>[/it]</p>
<p><span id="more-188"></span>[en]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">I was in a small town and used to connect to the Internet from one of the few places where some computers were available, which were almost as obsolete as their pre-revolution cars. A couple of technicians managed the computers and worked for the installation and maintenance of the network. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The Cubans are lively people on average, with a direct human contact, sensual people, related to the reality of the “here and now.” It was striking to see these technicians, on the contrary, detached, immersed in their own worlds, neglecting themselves, silent, with short “digital” answers. One could imagine that such people already had such personalities and consequently looked for compatible occupations. Without getting into the conundrum of whether the chicken or the egg came first, there is probably a mutual feedback between personality and life choices, but doubtlessly technology also shapes our psyches. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">It is peculiar to realize how the modalities of thoughts received from a medium – which in this case was a computer and programming – can have more importance on the sociality and (partially) on a man’s personality than the collective conditioning received from his own society. It is equally surprising to see how the history and culture of a country which shapes the collective soul and the modalities of interaction between people get rewritten by daily contact with a tool which has existed for only a few years. </span></p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ero in una piccola città e mi connettevo a Internet da uno dei pochissimi luoghi dove si trovavano alcuni computer, obsoleti quasi quanto le loro automobili pre-rivoluzione. Vi erano un paio di tecnici che gestivano i computer e lavoravano per l’installazione e la manutenzione della rete.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I cubani sono mediamente persone vitali, dal contatto umano immediato, sensuali e connessi con la realtà del “qui e ora”. Faceva impressione vedere questi tecnici che erano al contrario distaccati, immersi nel loro mondo, trascurati, silenziosi, dalle risposte stringate e “digitali”. Ora, si potrebbe ipotizzare che tali persone già possedevano tale personalità e che di conseguenza si sono trovati un’occupazione coerente. Senza entrare nel problema dell’uovo e della gallina, probabilmente vi è un feedback reciproco tra personalità e scelte di vita, ma senza dubbio la tecnologia stessa ci forgia la psiche.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">E’ singolare notare come le modalità di pensiero ricevute da un medium quale il computer e la programmazione, possano avere più peso nella socialità e in parte nella personalità di un individuo dei condizionamenti collettivi ricevuti dalla propria società. E’ altrettanto sorprendente vedere come la storia e la cultura di una nazione che danno forma all’anima collettiva e alle modalità di interazione tra le persone vengono riscritte dal contatto quotidiano con un mezzo che ha solo pochi anni di vita.</p>
<p>[/it]</p>
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		<item>
		<title>The mind as a kind of media</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/the-mind-as-a-kind-of-media/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/the-mind-as-a-kind-of-media/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Apr 2008 19:18:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mind]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technosoul]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[almaas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[buddhism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Buddismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[maya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mente]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Narciso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Narcissus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[psicologia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[psychology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[spiritualità]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spirituality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[technology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tecnologia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[zen]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=181</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[en] Marshall McLuhan told us that every medium and every technology has a role in the extension and numbness of our organs. The mind’s extensions created by computer technology on the one hand expand our mental possibilities in terms of research, information, and knowledge processing, but on the other bring us to amputate or to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/brain-out-130.jpg"><img class="alignleft alignnone size-medium wp-image-182" style="float: left; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" title="brain-out-130" src="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/brain-out-130.jpg" alt="" width="130" height="144" /></a>[en]</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em>Marshall McLuhan told us that every medium and every technology has a role in the extension and numbness of our organs. The mind’s extensions created by computer technology on the one hand expand our mental possibilities in terms of research, information, and knowledge processing, but on the other bring us to amputate or to numb some of the capacities of the same mind.</em></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em>The computer can seem an extension of the mind’s capacities, but in reality it numbs our capacities to observe our minds from the inside, as self-consciousness, of our mental mechanisms, and of our whole body/mind systems.</em></p>
<p><em>At this point, my hypothesis is: If the computer is a way of outsourcing the mind’s functions, the mind itself could be considered as a “medium” which determines an extension and an anesthesia, in this case in relation to the original completeness of the soul. This is an application of McLuhan’s theories considering the knowledge that comes from the psychology of the ego.</em></p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em>Sappiamo da Marshall McLuhan che ogni medium ed ogni tecnologia hanno un ruolo nell’estensione e nell’intorpidimento dei nostri organi. Le estensioni della mente create dalla tecnologia del computer se da una parte ci espandono le possibilità mentali in termini di ricerca ed elaborazione di informazioni e conoscenze, dall’altra parte ci portano ad amputare o intorpidire alcune capacità della stessa. </em></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em>Le estensioni della mente create dalla tecnologia del computer se da una parte ci espandono le possibilità mentali in termini di ricerca ed elaborazione di informazioni e conoscenze, dall’altra parte ci portano ad amputare o intorpidire alcune capacità della stessa. Il computer, che può sembrare un’estensione delle capacità della mente, in realtà intorpidisce le capacità di osservazione della nostra mente dall’interno, intesa come consapevolezza di noi stessi, dei nostri meccanismi mentali e del nostro sistema globale corpo/mente.</em></p>
<p><em>A questo punto la mia ipotesi è che se il computer è un modo di esternalizzare le funzioni della mente, la mente stessa può essere considerata come un &#8220;medium&#8221; che determina una estensione e una anestesia, in questo caso in relazione alla completezza originaria dell’anima. Un’applicazione delle teorie di McLuhan considerando le conoscenze della psicologia dell’ego.</em></p>
<p>[/it]</p>
<p><span id="more-181"></span>[en]</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">In <em>Understanding Media</em>, Marshall McLuhan affirmed that, </span><span lang="EN-GB">“Any invention or technology is an extension or a self-amputation of our physical bodies, and such extension also demands new ratios or new equilibriums among the other organs and extensions of the body.” For example, the extension of the car gave us the possibility of moving faster, but at the same time brought about the degr</span><span lang="EN-GB">adation of the legs’ muscles.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Moreover, McLuhan analyzed the Greek myth about Narcissus, who took his reflection in the water for another person as if he was a number (Narcissus is derived from <em>narcosis</em>) by the extension of himself in the water. This misunderstanding, according to McLuhan, made him become the servomechanism of his own extended or repeated image: </span></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Narcissus</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">was numb. He had adapted to his extension of himself and had become a closed system. Now the point of this myth is the fact that men at once become fascinated by any extension of themselves in any material other than themselves. “…This is the sense of the Narcissus myth. The young man’s image is a self-amputation or extension induced by irritating pressures. As counter-irritant, the image produces a generalized numbness or shock that declines recognition. Self-amputation forbids self-recognition” (Marshall McLuhan, <em>Understanding Media</em>, </span>Cambridge, MA: <span lang="EN-GB">MIT Press, </span>1994).</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">We know that every medium and every technology has a role in the extension and numbness of our organs. </span><span lang="EN-GB">But the computer as a medium gathers all the pre-existing heredity of the media and in its turn adds new extensions. The computer is an extension/amputation of the whole mind. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The mind’s extensions created by computer technology on the one hand expand our mental possibilities in terms of research, information, and knowledge processing, but on the other bring us to amputate or to numb some of the capacities of the same mind. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">With the pervading accessibility of information there is no necessity to remember, to read, to reason. The manner of writing for the Web does not require going too much into detail, nor in the profundity of the message, because the capacities of attention spans on the Internet are limited. Consistent with this, in the last few years, for the first time in the developed countries a decrease in young people’s cognitive abilities has become evident, after years of uninterrupted growth. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">But the other characteristics of the computer medium as an extension/amputation of the mind also goes in the direction of numbing the self-recognition of our minds. But what does it mean, not recognizing our minds, when it is the mind itself that accomplishes the recognition? Observing the modality in which the mind places itself when it has something to do with information technologies, it is evident that it tends to be compulsively busy trying to find, to communicate and elaborate the information, which in turn will produce further information. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The computer can seem an extension of the mind’s capacities, but in reality it numbs our capacities to observe our minds from the inside, as self-consciousness, of our mental mechanisms, and of our whole body/mind systems. Often, the capacity of focalized attention is decreased by the excessive number of mental inputs. The body literally becomes benumbed and the mind tends to give attention only to the external stimuli, making the capacities of self-observation and inner focalization benumbed, qualities which are the bases of meditation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">We do not recognize ourselves anymore, we lose contact with our depth and the felt connection with our body and, as a consequence, with the messages the body sends back to us. The computer as an extension of the mind as an organ extends us and makes us avoid the recognition of the same mind, meant in an extended Buddhist sense as a wholeness of thoughts, emotions, sensations. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The computer medium – the sum-of-all-media – extends our minds toward the external and brings us further away from the aware connection with it. It brings us to become charmed by the reflected image in the water, just like Narcissus. And just like Narcissus, we are fascinated by our images, on the intellectual level, as well as photographic, creative ones, reflected in our blogs, in social network sites, dating sites, forums. When we do not recognize ourselves, we look for external confirmation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Psychologically, the primary narcissism develops when the psyche loses contact with its totality. </span></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Narcissism develops when the soul loses touch with its wholeness, especially as it loses touch with its true nature. The soul loses awareness of its wholeness through the loss of the immediacy of experience, which results from experiencing itself through past impressions. The loss of immediacy is identical with the loss of awareness of presence, and since presence is the “glue” that unifies all aspects of experience, wholeness is gone. The baby loses her primary self-realization (and her primary narcissism) as she begins to experience herself as an object (A.H. Almaas, <em>The Point of Existence</em><span>,</span> </span>Berkeley, CA.: Diamond Books, 1996).</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">At this point, my hypothesis is: If the computer is a way of outsourcing the mind’s functions, the mind itself could be considered as a “medium” which determines an extension and an anesthesia, in this case in relation to the original completeness of the soul. This is an application of McLuhan’s theories considering the knowledge that comes from the psychology of the ego. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The mind, as we know it, as any other “medium,” is born from a shock and from an amputation: a shock due to the separation from the condition of fusion with the existence and consequent numbness in respect to the recognition of our more genuine nature. Spiritual teachers tell us that we are sleeping and that in order to awaken it is necessary to rewind the mind’s contents with the discriminatory and introspective capacities acquired through meditation and interior exploration. Just as the dream protects us from awakening, for example, by including some noise in the dream story for not getting awakened, the virtual world’s dream maintains the mind’s activity in a non-meditative modality which makes self-observation difficult. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Therefore, it prevents our soul from transcending the mind. </span></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">In the early stages of mental development, <span>the infant’s capacity for perception – and especially for understanding – does not develop fast enough for him to recognize his identity as Being</span>. <span>The first perceptions that can become memory traces are those of forms and images</span>. Also, the need to learn how to function dictates a certain attachment to such images. When one is familiar with non-conceptual Being, it becomes clear that the development of the mind cannot be divorced from the creation of images, since mind deals with images. <span>There is no knowledge without images, for knowledge is composed of concepts, which are various sorts of images; the creation of these images is indispensable for discrimination in the mind</span>. To know that one is Being, which is not within the realm of images, is such a stable understanding that it seems impossible for a child to have this knowledge (A.H. </span>Almaas, <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093671302X/innernet-20" target="_blank"><span>The Pearl Beyond Price</span></a></em>, Berkeley, CA: Diamond Books, 1988).</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sometimes, spiritual teachers use shock techniques to bring us back to awareness, in particular in Zen Buddhism traditions. </span>One pain drives out another.</p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Perhaps, perceiving a distant echo of the fact that the conceptual mind itself, born as a defense from unbearable sensations of separation, is nothing more than an external medium of our genuine soul: even though it is inbuilt in our central nervous system, we try to bring it back outside us and to deliver it to a mechanical agent called a computer so that we can be free of it.</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Everything which can be simulated and brought outside as an extension/self-amputation in reality is not “ourself.” Spiritual teachers say there is little of ourselves other than a global awareness which is connected to a specific body/mind. This awareness certainly can’t be externalized in a medium. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">If the mind was created by the downfall from the primary soul’s condition of wholeness and the computer is the mind’s extension, the computer dazzles us like a reflection of a reflection, <a href="http://www.indranet.org/virtual-worlds-and-maya-20" target="_blank">a double maya</a>, with the associated opportunities and risks. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">To make our minds numb is certainly not useful in getting us in touch again with our depth. The state of trance and the use of a set of limited mental capacities, needed for adapting to the interaction with the virtual technologies, will have to be balanced by practices in order to bring back the full availability of the mind’s tools, which are discrimination, deep research, prolonged attention. Discrimination and the subtle penetration of the truth are the capacities that lead us to overcoming the mental structures that are imprisoning us in the old conditionings, among which are the primary conditionings which separated us from the immensity of loving awareness. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">It is necessary to have a mind before leaving it, possibly well-functioning and connected to the rest of the body in a deep and sensual way.</span></p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Ne <em>Gli strumenti del comunicare</em> Marshall Mcluhan affermava che “Ogni invenzione o <span>tecnologia</span> è <span>un&#8217;estensione</span> <span>o</span> <span>un&#8217;autoamputazione</span> del nostro <span>corpo</span>, che impone nuovi rapporti o nuovi equilibri tra gli altri organi e le altre estensioni del corpo.” <span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Ad esempio, l’estensione dell’automobile ha fatto sì che ci potessimo spostare più velocemente ma che si degradassero i muscoli delle gambe.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">McLuhan inoltre analizzava il mito greco di Narciso che scambiava la sua immagine riflessa nell’acqua per un’altra persona come un intorpidimento (Narciso deriva da <em>narcosis</em>) dato dalla estensione di se stesso nell’acqua. Questo malinteso, secondo McLuhan, lo fece diventare “il servomeccanismo della propria immagine estesa o ripetuta”</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Narciso era intorpidito. Si era conformato all&#8217;estensione di se stesso divenendo così un circuito chiuso. Il senso di questo mito è che gli esseri umani sono soggetti all&#8217;immediato fascino di ogni estensione di sé, riprodotta in un materiale diverso da quello stesso di cui sono fatti. [...] Questo è il senso del mito di Narciso. L&#8217;immagine del giovane è un&#8217;autoamputazione o un&#8217;estensione determinata da pressioni irritanti. In quanto revulsiva essa produce un torpore generale o uno shock che impedisce il riconoscimento. L&#8217;amputazione di sé vieta il riconoscimento di sé. Marshall McLuhan. <em>Gli strumenti del comunicare</em>. Mondadori. Milano. 1990</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sappiamo che ogni medium ed ogni tecnologia hanno un ruolo nell’estensione e nell’intorpidimento dei nostri organi. Ma il computer come medium raccoglie l’eredità di tutti i media preesistenti e aggiunge a sua volta nuove estensioni. Il computer è una estensione/amputazione dell’intera mente.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Le estensioni della mente create dalla tecnologia del computer se da una parte ci espandono le possibilità mentali in termini di ricerca ed elaborazione di informazioni e conoscenze, dall’altra parte ci portano ad amputare o intorpidire alcune capacità della stessa.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Con l’accessibilità pervasiva delle informazioni non vi è la necessità di ricordare, leggere, ragionare. La modalità di scrittura per il web richiede di non entrare troppo nei dettagli o nella profondità del messaggio, in quanto le capacità di attenzione prolungata su Internet sono rare. Conseguente a questo, negli ultimi anni è stato evidenziato nei paesi sviluppati per la prima volta un calo della capacità cognitive dei ragazzi, dopo anni di crescita ininterrotta.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">L’altra caratteristica del medium computer come estensione/amputazione della mente va anche nel senso di intorpidire il riconoscimento della nostra mente. Ma cosa significa non riconoscere la nostra mente quando è la mente stessa che compie il riconoscimento? Osservando la modalità in cui si pone la mente quando ha a che fare con le tecnologie informatiche, è evidente che la mente tende ad essere compulsivamente occupata a cercare, comunicare ed elaborare informazioni, che a loro volta produrranno ulteriori informazioni.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Il computer, che può sembrare un’estensione delle capacità della mente, in realtà intorpidisce le capacità di osservazione della nostra mente dall’interno, intesa come consapevolezza di noi stessi, dei nostri meccanismi mentali e del nostro sistema globale corpo/mente. Spesso la capacità di attenzione focalizzata viene diminuita dall’eccessivo numero di input mentali. Il corpo viene letteralmente intorpidito e la mente tende a dare attenzione solamente agli stimoli esterni, intorpidendo le capacità di auto-osservazione e di focalizzazione all’interno, qualità che rappresentano le basi della meditazione.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Non ci ri-conosciamo più, perdiamo il contatto con la nostra profondità e la connessione sentita con il corpo e di conseguenza con i messaggi che questo ci rimanda. Il computer come estensione dell’organo mente ci estende e ci evita il riconoscimento della stessa mente, intesa in senso esteso buddista come l’insieme di pensieri, emozioni, sensazioni.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">The computer, medium-somma-di-tutti-i-media ci estende la mente verso esterno e ci allontana dal contatto consapevole con la stessa. Ci porta ad essere affascinati verso l’immagine riflessa nell’acqua come fece Narciso. E come Narciso siamo affascinati dalla nostra immagine, a livello intellettuale, fotografica, creativa, riflessa nei nostri blog, nei siti di social networking, nei siti di incontri, nei forum. Quando non ci riconosciamo cerchiamo conferme dall’esterno.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Psicologicamente il narcisismo primario si sviluppa quando la psiche perde il contatto con la propria totalità:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Il narcisismo si sviluppa quando l’anima perde contatto con la propria totalità, specialmente quando perde contatto con la propria natura autentica. L’anima perde consapevolezza della sua completezza attraverso la perdita dell’immediatezza dell’esperienza, la quale deriva dallo sperimentare se stessa attraverso impressioni passate. La perdita dell’immediatezza coincide con la perdita della consapevolezza della presenza, e poiché la presenza è la “colla” che unifica tutti gli aspetti dell’esperienza, la totalità scompare. Il bambino perde la sua auto-realizzazione primaria (e il suo narcisismo primario) quando comincia a fare esperienza di sé in quanto oggetto. <span lang="EN-GB">A.H. Almaas. <em>The Point of Existence</em>. Diamond Books. Berkeley. 1996.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">A questo punto la mia ipotesi è che se il computer è un modo di esternalizzare le funzioni della mente, la mente stessa può essere considerata come un &#8220;medium&#8221; che determina una estensione e una anestesia, in questo caso in relazione alla completezza originaria dell’anima. Un’applicazione delle teorie di McLuhan considerando le conoscenze della psicologia dell’ego.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">La mente, così come la conosciamo, come ogni altro medium, nasce da uno shock e da un’amputazione: shock per la separazione dalla condizione di fusione con l’esistenza e conseguente torpore rispetto al riconoscimento della nostra natura più autentica. I maestri spirituali ci dicono che dormiamo e che per risvegliarsi è necessario riavvolgere i contenuti della mente con le capacità discriminatorie ed introspettive acquisite tramite la meditazione e l’esplorazione interiore. Così come il sogno ci protegge dal risvegliarci dal sonno, ad esempio inglobando nella trama del sogno un rumore per non essere risvegliati, il sogno dei mondi virtuali mantiene la mente attiva in una modalità non-meditativa che rende difficile l’osservazione di sé. Di conseguenza impedisce alla nostra anima di trascendere la mente.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Nei primi stadi dello sviluppo mentale, la capacità del neonato di percepire, e specialmente di comprendere, non si evolve alla velocità necessaria per permettergli di riconoscere la sua identità in quanto Essere. Le prime percezioni che possono trasformarsi in ricordi sono quelle delle forme e delle immagini. Inoltre, il bisogno di imparare a funzionare impone un certo attaccamento a tali immagini. Quando si acquisisce familiarità con l’Essere nonconcettuale, diventa chiaro che lo sviluppo della mente non può prescindere dalla creazione delle immagini, poiché la mente opera con queste ultime. Non esiste conoscenza senza immagini, in quanto la conoscenza è composta di concetti, che sono vari tipi di immagini; la creazione di queste immagini è indispensabile per la discriminazione mentale. Sapere che si è l’Essere, il quale non appartiene al regno delle immagini, è una comprensione così stabile da sembrare impossibile per un bambino. <span lang="EN-GB">Almaas. </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093671302X/innernet-20" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">The Pearl Beyond Price</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">. Diamond Books. Berkeley. 1988.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">I maestri spirituali talvolta utilizzano tecniche di shock per riportare alla consapevolezza, in particolare nella tradizione del buddismo Zen. Chiodo scaccia chiodo.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Forse, percependo una lontana eco del fatto che la mente concettuale stessa, nata come difesa da sensazioni intollerabili di separazione, non è altro che un medium estraneo alla nostra vera anima pur se innestato nel nostro sistema nervoso centrale, tentiamo di riportarla fuori da noi stessi e di consegnarla ad un agente meccanico chiamato computer affinché ce ne possiamo liberare.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Tutto ciò che si può simulare e portare all’esterno come estensione/amputazione di noi stessi in realtà non è veramente “noi stessi”. Stando a ciò che dicono i maestri spirituali, vi è ben poco di noi stessi se non una consapevolezza globale che si connette ad uno specifico corpo/mente. Tale consapevolezza non è certamente esteriorizzabile su un medium.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Se la mente è stata generata tramite la caduta dalla condizione primaria di completezza dell’anima e il computer è un’estensione della mente, il computer ci abbaglia come il riflesso di un riflesso, <a href="http://www.indranet.org/virtual-worlds-and-maya-20">un doppio maya</a>, con le opportunità e i rischi associati.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Intorpidire la nostra mente non ci è certamente utile per riprendere il contatto con la nostra profondità. La trance e l’uso di un set limitato delle capacità mentali per adeguarsi all’interazione con le tecnologie virtuali, dovrà essere bilanciata da pratiche per riportare la piena disponibilità degli strumenti della mente quali la discriminazione, l’indagine profonda, l’attenzione prolungata. Sono le capacità di discriminazione e di sottile penetrazione del vero che ci portano al superamento delle strutture mentali che ci imprigionano nei vecchi condizionamenti, tra i quali i condizionamenti primari che ci hanno separato dall’immensità della consapevolezza amorevole.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">E’ necessario avere una mente prima di lasciarla, possibilmente ben funzionante e connessa con il resto del corpo, in modo profondo e sensuale.</p>
<p>[/it]</p>
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		<title>Echoes of a global tribalism</title>
		<link>http://www.indranet.org/echoes-of-a-global-tribalism/</link>
		<comments>http://www.indranet.org/echoes-of-a-global-tribalism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 09:44:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ivo Quartiroli</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technosoul]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[astrologia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[astrology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cellulari]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hillman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[McLuhan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mobile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sciamano]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[shaman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sociologia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sociology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tribalità]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tribality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wired]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.indranet.org/?p=177</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[en] Just before the spread of the Internet, around 1995, we experienced the mobile phone boom in Italy, two media which have transformed our lives. One of the first things I noticed with the advent of the mobile was the transformation of our inner relationship with the territory. People weren’t “there” anymore where they were [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a rel="attachment wp-att-178" href="http://www.indranet.org/?attachment_id=178"><img class="alignleft aligncenter size-full wp-image-178" style="float: left; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;" title="miro-ciphers-constellations-in-love-with-a-woman" src="http://www.indranet.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/miro-ciphers-constellations-in-love-with-a-woman.jpg" alt="Mirò. Ciphers &amp; Constellations in Love with a Woman" width="130" height="162" /></a>[en]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Just before the spread of the Internet, around 1995, we experienced the mobile phone boom in Italy, two media which have transformed our lives. One of the first things I noticed with the advent of the mobile was the transformation of our inner relationship with the territory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">People weren’t “there” anymore where they were physically, but in some other place. Human beings have always inwardly estranged themselves from reality, getting lost in thought, distracted by their mental convolutions, but with mobiles, “not being there” took on a more physical connotation. In the beginning it was amazing to look at people walking alone on the street talking through earphones and gesturing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Walking in the streets will never be the same as before any more. Our relationship with the “here and now” has got further distanced. At that time I observed how mobiles changed the way people related with each other.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I am used to giving dinner parties at home for several friends. People connect between themselves through long talks and we stay together till late. A sort of collective energy field is created that frequently brings depth to a friendship which was just sensed between people who knew each other less.</p>
<p>[/en][it]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Poco prima della diffusione di Internet, intorno al 1995, in Italia è avvenuto il boom dei telefonini. Due mezzi che avrebbero trasformato la nostra vita. Una delle prime cose che avevo notato con l’avvento dei cellulari era la trasformazione del nostro rapporto interiore col territorio.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Le persone non erano più veramente “lì” dove si trovavano, ma in qualunque altro luogo. L’essere umano si è sempre estraniato interiormente dalla realtà tramite l’essere soprappensiero, distratto dalle proprie spirali mentali, ma con il cellulare il non essere “lì” assumeva una connotazione fisica. All’inizio faceva quasi impressione vedere le persone camminare da sole per strade e parlare con gli auricolari gesticolando.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Camminare per strada non era e non sarà più la stessa cosa di prima. Il nostro rapporto con il “qui e ora” si era ulteriormente distanziato. In quel periodo avevo anche notato in prima persona come i telefonini avessero cambiato il rapportarsi tra le persone.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sono solito organizzare delle cene a casa mia con diversi amici. Le persone si connettono tra di loro tramite lunghe chiacchierate e si rimane tutti assieme fino a tardi. Si crea una specie di campo energetico collettivo, che frequentemente porta ad una sentita amicizia anche tra persone che si conoscono poco tra di loro.</p>
<p>[/it]</p>
<p><span id="more-177"></span>[en]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Such deep connections still take place, but with mobiles, something changed. Interruptions became more common. My friends aren’t – on average – strongly technologically oriented (I’m probably the “junkiest”); besides, they are people who give value to genuine connections, but in spite of this it seems almost impossible for anybody to remain disconnected from the mobile for several hours, because of keeping in touch with a boy/girlfriend, a son/daughter, or because of an “important” work issue.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sometimes people do complain, but the medium seems more powerful than the good intentions. Even during a dinner between close friends the flux of attention moves inexorably toward always being connected with somewhere else, and the continuity of attention gets broken. As we have only one focus of attention at a time, it is inevitable that the more we get moved away by the interruptions of the mobile phone in other directions, the less attention we’ll be able to give to our immediate environment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">After the mobile phone, the Internet appeared, then email on the mobile phone, and thus the whole Internet became available on mobiles. In 1993, just before the mass diffusion of mobiles and the Internet, James Hillman wrote:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The immense hypercommunication industry of portable phone and cellular phone, satellite dish and call waiting, of fax, beeper, modem, answering filters, and voice-activated recorders – all those oyster shell-colored, plastic-covered chip devices that turn the citizen into hacker, plugged into everyone everywhere – “I am because I am accessible” – does not, repeat, </span><em>not</em><span lang="EN-GB">, put an end to my aloneness but rather intensifies it. If I must be networked in order to be, then on my own I am out of the loop, out of communication, null and void, nowhere. I can’t be reached. If to be means to be reachable, then in order to be I must stay networked. Result: the contemporary syndrome, communication addiction (James </span>Hillman Michael Ventura,<em> </em><em><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062506617/innernet-20" target="_blank">We&#8217;ve Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – And the World&#8217;s Getting Worse</a></span></em><span lang="EN-GB">, HarperOne, 1993). </span></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">When I sit down to write, I’ve stepped out of the loop, I’m no longer in the addictive pattern. I’m simply here, of this frosty, moonless night, alone – but I am not lonely. It is silent, a little scratching of the pen point or the hum of the machine. I am not spread out through the network, not so much connected as collected (ibid.)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">And in 1993 we had not yet seen anything about pervading connectivity. In 1964 Marshall McLuhan had foreseen the connection of the whole of mankind by means of “electric technology.” In <em>Understanding Media</em>, he wrote:<span style="color: blue;"> </span>“in the electric age we wear all mankind as our skin.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">But the skin is also the border between us and others, the last layer that defines our corporeal identity which distinguishes “I” from the “other.” To wear all mankind as our skin means that our personal identity becomes fluid and is not anchored any more to the well-delimited “I.” Besides, I note that both the skin and the nervous system in embryogenesis are produced by the external layer of the embryo, the ectoderm. And they both have something to do with electricity. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">In astrological symbology the sign of Pisces, the organs of the skin and of the nervous system, and the illusory spaces of the soul, the compassion and psychedelic sensibilities are situated in the same place governed by Neptune. Neptune is also the movement of the mass, consciousness and the collective identity, which is opposite and complementary to those individual ones. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The industrial society has valorized more than any other thing the individual identities and choices, but in history, identity was not always perceived the way we consider it today. Individualism and the separation of individuals as we consider them today is a very recent phenomenon. In the primitive and tribal societies and till today in some of the developed world’s nations (let’s think only of China or Japan) the relationship between individuals and collectivity is more important than their single individual characteristics. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">McLuhan defined a human being dissociated from his emotive and sensorial lives as a “literate man,” in contrast to the tribal man who was connected to cosmic models. Nevertheless, this very dissociation gave him the freedom to get separated from the restricted environment of the clan and the family he was part of, and to create new powers through specializations. Therefore, it gives him the freedom to create his individual identity separate from that of the clan, the family or the tribe collectivity. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">McLuhan also defined as “tribal societies” those that were rather advanced industrially. According to his vision, the tribal man privileges the ear to the eye and lives in an auditory space, a space where the center is everywhere. This creates a great participation, but renders the directions and the objectives impossible. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">On the contrary, the visual space is continuous and convergent. It tends to create a perspective, a point from a vanishing point that becomes a point of view and an objective. The auditory tribal spaces do not privilege either the objectives, the goals, or the individual points of view but the participation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">A study carried out in the University of Alberta and reported in the article <span style="text-decoration: underline;">“</span><a href="http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/03/japanese-more-s.html">Japanese More Sensitive Than Westerners to the Big Picture</a>” in <em>Wired</em> magazine confirms this attention of the Far East to the vision of togetherness, instead of perspective and point of view:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">When people raised in a Western culture look at a picture, they instinctively isolate the central subject from its surroundings – but when East Asians look at the same image, they see its entirety.…When asked how the foregrounded person – their face manipulated to look happy, angry or sad – appeared to feel, nearly three-quarters of 36 Japanese test subjects said their perception was influenced by the emotions of the background figures. By contrast, nearly three-quarters of 39 North American participants said the people in the background didn’t affect them at all.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">But primitive man, according to McLuhan, lived: </span></p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">…in a much more tyrannical cosmic machine than Western literate man has ever invented. The world of the ear is more embracing and inclusive than that of the eye can ever be. The ear is hypersensitive. The eye is cool and detached. The ear turns man over to universal panic while the eye, extended by literacy and mechanical time, leaves some gaps and some islands free from the unremitting acoustic pressure and reverberation </span>(Marshall McLuhan, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415253977/innernet-20" target="_blank"><em><span style="text-decoration: none;">Understanding Media</span></em></a>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994).</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">So what does a tribality extended through the Internet, where we are connected with all of humanity without interruptions and pervaded by the collective consciousness mean? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Different authors spoke of the Net in almost spiritual tones, hypothesizing global minds, freedom and sharing. But the world of the ear of the primitive man represented a tyrannical cosmic machine, which on one side opened the doors to the connection with the cosmos, but on the other reduced the individual experience to the restricted world of the tribe. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The image that appears in my mind is of a shaman who, even if he transcends human limits in reaching the elevated states of conscience, all the same remains within the borders of a social experience limited by the net of his tribe from which he cannot get detached, where the social rules are well-defined and his role in the connection with the collectivity is given from birth to death. But this is the “problem” of the literate man: the tribal man does not feel the need to get detached from his environment. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The social net of the tribal man is, therefore, in some way tyrannical, as is the omnipresent net of the connections that we have through mobile phones, email connections and social networks. On one hand this extends the reach of the knowledge and the range of relationships, increasing it to the whole of mankind, but on the other it squeezes us in a world of informative noise that <em>we cannot, we do not want to, and do not know how to avoid</em>. The world of the “always on” connections widens us and limits us at the same time. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">In the enlarged tribe of the global village our nervous system should get numbed in relation to the flux of information, giving, in this way, minimal and continuously interrupted attention to the messages and informative stimuli. This brings us back to the lack of focus and individual perspective that was typical of the pre-literate man. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Also, the tribality extended to the whole mankind of the Net threatens both our individual identity and the identities which we have formed regarding restricted groups. National, religious, and ideological identities are threatened by the new extended identities and, therefore, they react – sometimes with violence – in order to reaffirm their proper existence. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The formation of an individual identity, necessary even in the era of the entire mankind as skin, needs feedback from other human beings. In the era of the Internet, this means being reflected in the game of the Internet mirrors, </span><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.indranet.org/google-privacy-and-the-need-to-be-seen"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: black;">showing us in the sites of social networks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Besides, just as in tribal societies everything of everybody in the small village environment was known, now, in the social networking sites it is known who your friends are, what they wrote to you, what you are doing, and even what you buy. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Google uses the need to be seen and the information about everything concerning the person who lives in the global village of the Net. This permits it to learn the tendencies of the global mind and to direct its advertisements in a more efficient targeted way. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">They are the leaders of the tribes and the medicine men of the extended tribality that keep their magic potions secret, and that grant the powers represented by the algorithms determining the positions on the search engines. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[/en][it]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Questa connessione profonda avviene tutt’ora, ma con i cellulari qualcosa è cambiato. Le interruzioni diventavano più frequenti. I miei amici non sono mediamente forti consumatori di tecnologie (il più “tossico” sono probabilmente io), inoltre sono persone che valorizzano il contatto autentico, ma nonostante questo sembra quasi impossibile per chiunque rimanere disconnessi dal cellulare per parecchie ore, vuoi per rimanere in contatto con un fidanzato/a, con un figlio/a o per una faccenda “importante” di lavoro.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Qualcuno si lamentava, ma il medium sembra più forte anche delle buone intenzioni. Anche in una cena tra amici intimi il flusso dell’attenzione si spostava inesorabilmente verso l’essere sempre connessi con un altrove e la continuità dell’attenzione veniva spezzata. Poiché la nostra attenzione è una sola, è inevitabile che più veniamo spostati dalle interruzioni del cellulare in altre direzioni meno potremo dare attenzione alla nostra esperienza immediata.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dopo il cellulare è arrivato Internet, poi le email sui cellulari e quindi tutto quanto Internet sui cellulari. James Hillman nel 1993, appena prima della diffusione massiccia di cellulari e Internet, scriveva:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tutta quell&#8217;immensa industria dell&#8217;ipercomunicazione, del telefono portatile e del telefono cellulare, delle segreterie telefoniche, dei fax, dei cercapersone, dei modem, dei sistemi per selezionare le risposte, dei registratori attivati dalla voce, tutti quei gusci d&#8217;ostrica colorati, quei dispositivi a gettone ricoperti di plastica, che trasformano il cittadino in un professionista dell&#8217;informazione rapida in contatto con chiunque e dovunque &#8211; &#8220;sono accessibile dunque esisto&#8221; &#8211; non pongono fine, e insisto sul <em>non</em>, alla mia solitudine, ma anzi la intensificano. Se per esistere devo essere collegato alla rete, allora quando sono per conto mio sono fuori del circuito, fuori della comunicazione, un silenzio, un vuoto: niente. Non posso essere raggiunto. Se esistere vuol dire essere raggiungibile, allora per esistere devo rimanere collegato alla rete. Risultato: la sindrome del nostro tempo, la comunicomania. James Hillman, Michael Ventura<em>. <a href="http://www.internetbookshop.it/ser/serdsp.asp?shop=1924&amp;isbn=8817010696" target="_blank">Cent&#8217;anni di psicanalisi. E il mondo va sempre peggi</a>o</em>. Rizzoli, Milano, 2006.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Quando mi metto seduto a scrivere, sono uscito dal circuito. Non sono più nello schema dell&#8217;assuefazione, sono semplicemente lì, in questa gelida notte senza luna, da solo &#8211; ma non mi sento solo. C&#8217;è silenzio; appena il leggero rumore del pennino o il ronzio della macchina. Non sono sparpagliato qua e là per la rete; non sono in collegamento, ma in raccoglimento. James Hillman, Michael Ventura<em>. <a href="http://www.internetbookshop.it/ser/serdsp.asp?shop=1924&amp;isbn=8817010696" target="_blank">Cent&#8217;anni di psicanalisi. E il mondo va sempre peggi</a>o</em>. Rizzoli, Milano, 2006.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">E nel 1993 non avevamo ancora visto niente come connettività pervasiva. “<span lang="EN-GB">Comunicomania” è la traduzione di “communication addiction” dell’edizione originale, “dipendenza da comunicazione”. Posso immaginare che nel 1993 il traduttore abbia voluto usare un termine meno forte, dopotutto chi aveva mai sentito di una tale bizzarra dipendenza?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Marshall McLuhan nel 1964 aveva previsto la connessione di tutta l’umanità tramite la “tecnologia elettrica”. Ne <em>Gli strumenti del comunicare</em> scrisse </span>“nell&#8217;era elettrica abbiamo come pelle l&#8217;intera umanità.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ma la pelle è anche il confine tra noi stessi e il prossimo, l’ultimo strato che delimita la nostra identità corporea, che distingue l’”io” dall’”altro”. Avere l’umanità come pelle significa che la nostra identità personale diventa fluida e non più ancorata ad un Io ben delimitato. Noto inoltre che sia la pelle che il sistema nervoso nell’embriogenesi vengono prodotte dallo strato esterno dell’embrione, detto ectoderma. Ed entrambe hanno a che fare con l’elettricità.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nella simbologia astrologica il segno dei Pesci, gli organi della pelle e del sistema nervoso, gli spazi dell’anima sognanti, illusori, la compassione e le sensibilità psichedeliche, si trovano nello stesso luogo governato da Nettuno. Nettuno è anche i movimenti di massa, la consapevolezza e l’identità collettiva, opposta e complementare a quelle individuali.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La società industriale ha valorizzato più di ogni altra le identità e le scelte individuali, ma nella storia l’identità non è sempre stata vista come la consideriamo ora. L’ìndividualismo e la separazione degli individui come la viviamo ora è un fenomeno molto recente. Nelle società primitive, tribali e a tutt’oggi in diverse nazioni sviluppate del mondo, pensiamo solo a Cina o Giappone, la relazione dell’individuo con la collettività è più importante delle sue singole caratteristiche individuali.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">McLuhan definiva come “uomo alfabeta” l’essere umano dissociato dalla sua vita emotiva e sensoriale, a differenza dell’uomo tribale che era connesso ai modelli cosmici. Tuttavia questa stessa dissociazione gli diede la libertà di separarsi dal ristretto ambito del clan e della famiglia di cui fa parte e a creare nuovi poteri tramite le specializzazioni. Quindi, creare una sua identità individuale separata da quella della collettività rappresentata da clan, famiglia, tribù.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">McLuhan definiva come “società tribale” anche società che erano piuttosto avanzate su un piano industriale. Nella sua visione, l’uomo tribale privilegia l’orecchio all’occhio, vive nello spazio uditivo, in uno spazio in cui il centro è ovunque. Questo crea una grande partecipazione ma rende <span>impossibili</span> la <span>direzione</span> e gli <span>obiettivi</span>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Contrariamente, lo spazio visivo è continuo e convergente. Lo spazio visivo tende a crearsi una prospettiva, un punto di fuga che diventa un punto di vista e un obiettivo. Gli spazi uditivi tribali non privilegiano gli obiettivi, gli scopi, nè i punti di vista individuali, ma la partecipazione.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Uno studio effettuato alla University of Alberta e divulgato sull’articolo di Wired <a href="http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/03/japanese-more-s.html" target="_blank">Japanese More Sensitive Than Westerners to the Big Picture</a> conferma questa attenzione dell’estremo oriente alla visione d’insieme invece che alla prospettiva e al punto di vista:</p>
<blockquote><p>When people raised in a Western culture look at a picture, they instinctively isolate the central subject from its surroundings &#8212; but when East Asians look at the same image, they see its entirety. [...] When asked how the foregrounded person &#8212; their face manipulated to look happy, angry or sad &#8212; appeared to feel, nearly three-quarters of 36 Japanese test subjects said their perception was influenced by the emotions of the background figures. By contrast, nearly three-quarters of 39 North American participants said the people in the background didn&#8217;t affect them at all.</p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ma l’uomo primitivo viveva secondo McLuhan</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">&#8230;in una macchina cosmica assai più <span>tirannica</span> <span>di</span> tutte quelle che siano mai state inventate <span>dall&#8217;alfabetismo</span> <span>occidentale</span>. Il mondo <span>dell&#8217;orecchio</span> abbraccia e include più cose di quante siano alla portata dell&#8217;occhio. L&#8217;orecchio è <span>ipersensibile</span>, l&#8217;occhio freddo e distaccato. L&#8217;orecchio consegna l&#8217;uomo al panico universale, mentre <span>l&#8217;occhio</span>, esteso dall&#8217;alfabetismo e dal tempo meccanico, <span>lascia</span> <span>qualche</span> <span>vuoto</span> e qualche isola liberi dall&#8217;implacabile pressione acustica e dalle sue ripercussioni. Marshall McLuhan. <a href="http://www.internetbookshop.it/ser/serdsp.asp?shop=1924&amp;isbn=8851520298" target="_blank"><em><span style="text-decoration: none;">Gli strumenti del comunicare</span></em></a>. NET. 2002.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Cosa significa allora una tribalità estesa tramite Internet, dove siamo connessi con tutta l’umanità senza interruzioni, dove siamo pervasi da una consapevolezza collettiva?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Diversi autori hanno parlato della Rete con toni quasi spirituali, ipotizzando menti globali, libertà e condivisione. Ma il mondo del primitivo, che viveva secondo l’orecchio, rappresentava una macchina cosmica tirannica, che se da una parte apriva le porte alla connessione col cosmo, dall’altra riduceva l’esperienza individuale al mondo ristretto della tribù.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">L’immagine che mi viene in mente è quella dello sciamano, che per quanto possa trascendere la limitatezza umana nel raggiungere stati di coscienza elevati, rimane confinato in un’esperienza sociale limitata dalla rete della sua tribù da cui non può staccarsi, dove le regole sociali sono ben definite e il suo ruolo in connessione con la collettività è dato dalla nascita fino alla morte. Ma questo è un “problema” per l’uomo alfabeta, l’uomo tribale non sente il bisogno di staccarsi dal suo ambiente.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La rete sociale dell’uomo tribale è quindi in qualche modo tirannica quanto lo è la rete di connessioni onnipresenti che abbiamo tramite cellulari, connessioni email e social network. Da una parte questo ci estende la portata delle conoscenze e delle relazioni, allargandola all’intera umanità ma dall’altra ci schiaccia in un mondo di rumore informativo che <em>non possiamo, non vogliamo e non sappiamo più evitare</em>. Il mondo della connessione always on ci amplia e ci limita allo stesso tempo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nella tribù allargata del villaggio globale il nostro sistema nervoso si deve intorpidire in relazione al flusso di informazioni, dando una attenzione minima e continuamente interrotta ai messaggi e agli stimoli informativi. In questo modo si ritorna alla mancanza di focalizzazione e di prospettiva individuale che era tipica dell’uomo pre-alfabeta.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Anche la tribalità estesa a tutta l’umanità della rete minaccia sia la nostra identità individuale che le identità che abbiamo formato rispetto a gruppi ristretti. Le identità nazionali, religiose, ideologiche, vengono minacciate dalle nuove identità estese e quindi reagiscono a volte con violenza per riaffermare la propria esistenza.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">La formazione di <span> </span>una identità individuale, necessaria anche nell’era dell’intera umanità come pelle, necessita di feedback da parte degli altri essere umani. Nell’era di Internet questo significa essere rispecchiati nel gioco degli specchi di Internet, <a href="http://www.indranet.org/google-privacy-and-the-need-to-be-seen">mostrandoci nei siti e nei social network</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Inoltre, così come nelle società tribali si sapeva tutto di tutti nei piccoli ambiti dei villaggi, ora nei siti di social networking si sa chi sono i tuoi amici, cosa ti hanno scritto, cosa stai facendo e anche cosa compri.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Google utilizza il bisogno di mostrarsi e le informazioni su tutto ciò che riguarda una persona che vive nel villaggio globale della Rete. Questo gli consente di conoscere le tendenze della mente globale e di dirigere le pubblicità in modo più mirato.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Questi sono i capitribù e gli stregoni della tribalità estesa, che mantengono segrete le loro pozioni magiche che conferiscono i poteri, rappresentati dagli algoritmi che determinano i posizionamenti sui motori di ricerca.</p>
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