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Tag Archive 'McLuhan'

The Digitally Divided Self

There’s an unusual but apparent alliance between two philosophies which are barely aware of and rarely come into contact each other, which conjure against the physical reality and the body. The first “philosophy” is represented by what have variously been called Cyberspace, Technopoly, Cyburbia and other names.

I prefer to define it as “The Digitalization of Reality,” wherein more and more human activities are being translated into bytes. Work, communication, media, entertainment, friends, dating, sexuality, culture, shopping, politics and causes are among the growing number of human needs that have gone digital.

While the Internet was something which earlier we mostly visited, now we are inhabiting the virtual worlds full-time and engineer them according to our mental projections. The Cartesian dream of a mind without a body has almost been fulfilled (even though in his old age Descartes, in Passions of the Soul, affirmed that “the soul is jointly united to all the parts of the body”).

This separation has a long history of Western thought starting from the Judeo-Christian separation between body and soul up to people like the transhumanist Hans Moravec, the artificial intelligence researcher Marvin Minsky, or the singularity guru Raymond Kurzweil who want to download the biological human mind to a safer mechanical medium in order to achieve nothing less than immortality.

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Does the Internet Really Broaden Minds?

Ever since the Internet came into our lives it has been regarded as the medium supposed to stimulate a positive meeting between cultures and to ease the spread of information neglected by the traditional media. While it is true that everybody can set up a blog or a website with a small technical and financial investment and share their writings, music or videos for the whole world, it seems that the big media are even bigger on the Net and that the understanding between cultures didn’t improve much even 15 years after the mass diffusion of the Internet.

If we look at the academic level, the Economist published an article titled “Great minds think (too much) alike” where research by James Evans, a sociologist at the University of Chicago, is introduced, whose work has been published in Science. The conclusion of his work says that, “as more journals become available online, fewer articles are being cited in the reference lists of the research papers published within them. Moreover, those articles that do get a mention tend to have been recently published themselves. Far from growing longer, the long tail is being docked.” The long tail is a term coined by Chris Anderson in 2004 to define the niche markets which the Web can approach, where unique products take an important commercial value.

Evans discovered instead that the great variety of papers available on the Net, far from widening the range of quoted sources, actually gave privilege to the ones already well known and even more to the most recent ones, probably the easiest to find searching in Google.

On the commercial level, New Scientist published the article “Online shopping and the Harry Potter effect” writing that “big sellers have never been bigger… Andrew Bud from the cellphone software company mBlox have analysed a year’s worth of downloads from a well-known internet music store. They found that of the 13 million tracks available, 52,000 – just 0.4 per cent – accounted for 80 per cent of downloads”.

New Scientist explains the phenomenon as, “easy digital replication and efficient communication through cellphones, email and social networking sites encourage fast-moving, fast-changing fads. The result is a homogenisation of tastes that boosts the chances of popular things becoming blockbusters, making the already successful even more successful.”

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Memory

Scientists have come close to the possibility of erasing a one-month-old guinea pig’s memories. A protein called α-CaMKII is involved in the storing and regaining of memory.

In particular, researchers increased the levels of this protein at the moment when the guinea pigs remembered the pain consequent to a shock. This increase caused dissipation of the memory connected to the shock, and not just temporarily. The memory seems to be completely lost, as if the fact had never happened. Possible applications of this research are seen in overcoming memories of painful traumas.

Apart from the risk of engineering soldiers who can commit any brutality and forget it chemically, this approach to traumatic memories is a mechanical type without a holistic vision of human beings. The idea is still about having a war against something, as with medicine (“the war against cancer”, against microorganisms, etc.) instead of becoming aware of it.

Memories and traumas enter every cell of the body, and I have an impression that it will probably be possible to inhibit access to a certain memory, but it will not remove its energetic charge in the person. The extreme precision of awareness can act in a way that memories are not removed but are integrated into wider acceptance which becomes part of our experience and growth.

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Information Dopaminated

When I learned to program, the most-used computer programming languages were C or Pascal, languages based on the structured programming paradigm where the development of the procedures and the program structure were to be planned carefully, sometimes with elegance. However, this type of programming made the management of exchange of information with external events or with other programs or procedures more complicated.

At a certain point programming languages developed into event-driven programming, where procedures are activated on the basis of the messages which come from other software or from the user’s inputs, for example, by a click of a mouse or an input through the keyboard. This type of programming first gained prominence when graphic interfaces like Windows appeared and later with complex Internet communication.

Therefore, the execution of software takes place as a rebound of an input between programming modules which are continuously affecting each other. This type of programming is usually based on object-oriented programming languages, which, at the end of the 1990s imposed themselves on the structured and procedural programming model.

We continuously interact with the Net and with other technologies like mobile phones, sending and receiving information in a pace increasing according to technological advances. Just as software responds to events, users have also started behaving in the same way, becoming servomechanisms of technology and an integral part of the galaxy of stimuli-actions.

We fit ourselves as one of the modules which respond to events. As inputs, we have myriads of information and sites, and as outputs we click here and there. This produces new information and the mechanism becomes self-fed.

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Questions about the media

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Marshall McLuhan summarized his view of the media in a model called the tetrad of media effects. The tetrad asks the following four questions about any medium to evaluate its qualities.

1) What does the medium increase? For example, TV amplifies the view of the whole world from our homes.

2) What does the medium make obsolete? TV makes family communication obsolete.

3) What does the medium retrieve that had been obsolete earlier? TV provokes a re-tribalization and homogenization of cultures.

4) What does the medium turn into when pushed to extremes? TV can turn in a global Big Brother show where everybody is on the airwaves. TV as well can become a tool of social manipulation.

The number and role of the media in our lives having expanded exponentially since McLuhan’s times, both in terms of the time we dedicate to them and the scope of their applications in our lives, we need to probe the media with a broader range of questions.

I won’t consider the computer and Internet as individual media since they are sums of several media, both traditional and new. Using a computer to write, shop, program software, look at porn or read news are different modalities which involve different needs, though they share the same tool.

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Technological salsa

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Joseph Weizenbaum, who died recently, had documented in the 1970s in Computer Power and Human Reason (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976) the natures of compulsive programmers, disinterested in their bodily needs and detached from the world around them.

Such figures are come across in a market economy country where advanced technologies are part of everyday life, and we don’t pay much attention to them.

The famous McLuhan phrase, “The medium is the message,” and before this the Taoist affirmations according to which the use of instruments transforms us into them had never seemed as self-evident to me as in Cuba some years ago.

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The mind as a kind of media

Marshall McLuhan told us that every medium and every technology has a role in the extension and numbness of our organs. The mind’s extensions created by computer technology on the one hand expand our mental possibilities in terms of research, information, and knowledge processing, but on the other bring us to amputate or to numb some of the capacities of the same mind.

The computer can seem an extension of the mind’s capacities, but in reality it numbs our capacities to observe our minds from the inside, as self-consciousness, of our mental mechanisms, and of our whole body/mind systems.

At this point, my hypothesis is: If the computer is a way of outsourcing the mind’s functions, the mind itself could be considered as a “medium” which determines an extension and an anesthesia, in this case in relation to the original completeness of the soul. This is an application of McLuhan’s theories considering the knowledge that comes from the psychology of the ego.

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Echoes of a global tribalism

Mirò. Ciphers & Constellations in Love with a Woman

Just before the spread of the Internet, around 1995, we experienced the mobile phone boom in Italy, two media which have transformed our lives. One of the first things I noticed with the advent of the mobile was the transformation of our inner relationship with the territory.

People weren’t “there” anymore where they were physically, but in some other place. Human beings have always inwardly estranged themselves from reality, getting lost in thought, distracted by their mental convolutions, but with mobiles, “not being there” took on a more physical connotation. In the beginning it was amazing to look at people walking alone on the street talking through earphones and gesturing.

Walking in the streets will never be the same as before any more. Our relationship with the “here and now” has got further distanced. At that time I observed how mobiles changed the way people related with each other.

I am used to giving dinner parties at home for several friends. People connect between themselves through long talks and we stay together till late. A sort of collective energy field is created that frequently brings depth to a friendship which was just sensed between people who knew each other less.

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The myth of freedom through technology

Dalì Apparition of the Town of Delft

The New York Times article “In Web World of 24/7 Stress, Writers Blog Till They Drop provoked a certain sensation on the Web.

Advertisements of cars still show them in the deserts or on isolated mountain roads. The reality: lines of heavy traffic, traffic lights, stress, costs, social isolation, poor quality of life. Even after many years during which cars went from being portrayed as symbols of freedom to the sardine cans that are imprisoning us, the image of freedom associated with them refuses to die.

But since a few years a new image of freedom in the collective mental imagery has been promised by advanced technologies, which permit us to be free from fixed timetables and workplaces. Wi-fi, Web on mobile phones, and always-on Internet connections promise to let us work when and where we want to, free from the obligations of time or place, with our laptop on the top of a mountain having an uninterrupted view in front of us.

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Brains

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The global ecological conscience becames unavoidable both because of the obvious environmental devastation and because of the expanded awareness of that through the Internet.

Every instance of deforestation, the melting of every glacier, every territory where drought advances, as well as the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere and in the seas is monitored by the sensitive nervous systems of satellites, whose data are being sent back to the Internet’s nervous system, which in its turn is connected to individuals’ nervous systems, and in their turn connected between themselves through the Net.

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Downloading our mind

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In 1964 Marshall McLuhan said: “Having extended or translated our central nervous system into the electromagnetic technology, it is but a further stage to transfer our consciousness to the computer world as well” (Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1994).

Hans Moravec took him in earnest, stating that the mind’s contents could be copied on a mechanical support - and who knows, perhaps even transplanted as any other organ. The technological dream of transcending the body is a revival of separation of the “impure” body and the “divine” mind, shared both by Christianity and the Cartesian science.

But our identification with the mind could be challenged in the very moment when the mind could be copied, reproduced and shared between people.

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Unlinking ourselves through technology

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Any time there is contact with a new technology, as Marshall McLuhan tells us in Understanding Media, this brings us to “an extension or self-amputation of our physical bodies, and such extension also demands new ratios or new equilibriums among the other organs and extensions of the body.”

The self-amputation aspect is hardly considered by people who deal with the media and technologies, much less by marketing offices. The potentialities of any new technology in extending our abilities are magnified, but there’s attention on the self-amputation side only when there is obvious damage.

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Brain waves facing a screen, and meditation

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Meditation and staring at a screen share the same brain waves, but are actually different internal states. It seems that looking at a screen hooks people seducing them with a fake feeling of relaxation through the presence of alpha waves and even lower brain frequencies.

This relaxation, though, not being integrated with an attentive and aware observation of the contents of the mind (as happens in meditation) gives rise instead to an internal restlessness and stress, often unrecognized until it becomes full-blown.

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Spiritual powers through technology

Ascent into the Sky

As Marshall McLuhan sensed, technology creates extensions for our capabiilities but at the same time amputates or alienats parts of ourselves. The classic example is of cars. On one side cars extend the legs’ capabilities letting us go further and faster, but on the other side the leg muscles are getting atrophied and towns being transformed into what they are now.

In addition to extending our physical bodies, we projected even our inner qualities on technology. So we project our need of strength, intimacy, will, peace and other qualities on technological tools which promise to extend our possibilities.

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Disembodying at broadband speed

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Overcoming our identification with the body has traditionally been a mystical path, but that took place after having had a fully integrated body-mind-soul connection and having become aware of the full range of emotions and bodily sensations.

The split between body and mind in our society is still present and is further pushed away by long computer use where our bodies are involved in a minimal way, removing the connection in a premature manner.

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